Indian Bread

Posted by Kunthra

Hope you’re not too hungry because we’re going to preview some delicious Indian varieties of bread!

चपाती is a thin type of bread made from flour, water and salt. Very little if not any yeast is used in चपाती. The dough is flattened until it is very thin and heated on a skillet. Then some ghii (घी) or butter is spread over the bread. The चपाती is usually used to scoop up some of the meat and vegetables of a dish. Sometimes it is used as a sponge to absorb some of the liquid of the dish. रोटी is a little different in that रोटी tends to be a bread that is thicker than चपाती. रोटी and चपाती are virtually identical in appearance.

पराँठा is a type of bread filled with vegetables and cheese. The dough is created first and then the fillings are placed inside. Then the ends are closed and the पराँठा is fried with cooking oil. पराँठा breads are thick and several layers can be found when you open the bread. Sometimes पराँठा is prepared without anything inside. The पराँठा is served plain and lathered with buter and sometimes consumed with some tea or milk.

नान is a bread that contains yeast. The dough is made up of milk, yogurt, cumin and nigella seeds, white flour and salth. After the dough has been kneaded, the dough is left to rise. When it rises the dough is divided into balls that are flatened. Then they are baked in an oven. Sometimes नान is dipped in soup and sometimes it is consumed with the toppings layered on top of the नान.

पूरी is a bread prepared with some salt and whole wheat flour. When पूरी is fried with some butter, the bread starts to rise. After the bread turns golden brown it is left to cool. The final product of the bread will have a bulky shape to it. पूरी is served with some lentil soup for breakfast or as a snack. Sometimes पूरी is also served as a ceremonial offering to the gods.

 

Diwali All Over India

Posted by Kunthra

Diwali (दिवाली) is celebrated all over the world. Let’s take a look at some of the ways different regions celebrate the holiday. Before I begin, let me explain some of the reasons why Hindus regard Diwali as an important holiday. First, Hindus associate Diwali as the commemoration of Narakasura’s death. Narakasura was an evil demon killed by Krishna’s wife Satyabhama. In one account, it was said that she caught a missile hurled by Narakasura with her bare hands, which saved her husband from death. Other accounts say that Krishna killed Narakasura himself.

Anyway, there are six main events observed throughout the Diwali celebrations. All these days are celebrated according to the Hindu calendar. The first day is where the cow is worshipped. The second day is when people buy new utensils. The third day is when Hindus rise before the crack of dawn to take an oil bath and wear new clothes. Lamps are lighted and the Goddess Lakshmi is worshiped on the fourth day. The fifth day is when the men present gift to their wives. The fifth day represents the triumph of Krishna’s victory over the demon Bali. The sixth day is a day recognizing the special bond between brothers and sisters. This day is in honor of the God Yam (lord of death) and his sister.

In southern India, especially in Andhra Pradesh, firecrackers are lit and gifts of sweets are given to the children. The women of the house also create Kolams, which is a form of sandpainting done by rice powder. It’s thought that making these floor paintings near the entrance of the home will bring prosperity to the household. In Gujarat, since Diwali is considered the last day before the start of a new year on the Hindu calender, neighbors give gifts of fresh fruit and go to the temple to pray. Some people go to the temple to protect themselves against black magic.

In Bombay the traders do not make any payments in the Bombay Stock Exchange, but a token bidding is performed. In Bengal, people light candles in memory of their deceased ancestors. In Goa, berries are crushed with one’s bare feet to symbolize the killing of Narakasura. Next year the Diwali celebrations will fall around November 5th on the solar calendar. I encourage everyone to make an effort to take a trip to India and experience the bright and interesting cultural celebrations that India has to offer. Maybe I’ll see some of you there next year!

 

Diwali

Posted by Kunthra

This month is the celebration of Diwali (दिवाली) or Diipaavali (दीपावली), which is known as the Celebration of Lights. Small lamps are lighted to signify the triumph of good over evil. More specifically, Diwali recognizes the inner light of the aatman (आत्मन्) or the soul. Diwali is a festival where Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains alike observe the same festival for different reasons.

Jainists believe that Lord Mahavira (महावीर) was one of the last sages who had attained nirvana (निर्वाण) or enlightenment on Diwali. Lord Mahavira is considered one of the foremost Tirthankar (तीर्थंकर) (or teachers who have achieved enlightenment) responsible for establishing the dharma (धर्म). Jainists try to follow Lord Mahavira’s path to enlightenment by observing the holiday with an ascetic focus.

The festival of Diwali contain several significant events for the Sikhs. The Sikhs celebrate the release of the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak’s (गुरु नानक देव) release from prison. The Sikhs also celebrate the release of Guru Harobind Ji, the sixth guru. According to the story, The Mughal Emperor Jahangir agreed to let Guru Harobind Ji and whoever could hold unto the Guru’s cloak, go free. Guru Harobind made a large cloak with 52 tassels. Each prince was able to hold unto the tassels and leave the prison. Diwali is also associated with the martydom of Sikh scholar Bhai Mani Singh, who was executed for encouraging the Sikhs to not pay a tax to a government bent on killing Sikhs.

For Hindus Diwali is associated with Lakshmi Puja or Lakshmi worship. Lakshmi is the goddess symbolizing wealth and prosperity. In order to attract the goddess to one’s home (and therefore attract wealth and prosperity) the Rangoli is left at the doorstep. Rangoli is a form of sand painting that uses finely grounded powder. The house must also be clean, because it is believed that Lakshmi will only visit a household that is industrious and clean. Water, nuts, fruits and flowers are left for Lakshmi. In the evening lights are lit so that the goddess can find her way to her worshippers’ houses.

 

Answers to the Review

Posted by Kunthra

I will eat (masculine) (मैं खाऊँगा) [for future tense take a look at the post for Oct. 18]

She is a girl (वह लड़की है) [present tense see Aug 20]

They are writing a letter (masculine) (वे हिंदी पत्र लिख रहे हैं) [present continuous tense - Sept 4]

You fell (feminine) (To fall = गिरना) (आप गिर ईं) [Simple past tense - Sept 10]

We had slept (masculine) (हम सोए थे) [Past perfect - Oct 15]

He walked [to walk = चलना] (वह चला)

I am eating (feminine) (मैं खा रहा हूँ)

They went home (masculine). (Home = घर) (वे घर गए)

You will see (masculine) (आप देखेंगे)

We were (feminine) (हम थे)

 

Review of All the Tenses We Learned So Far

Posted by Kunthra

This wil be a review of all that we have grammatically learned so far. Let’s see how many of these sentences you can translate into Hindi. If you have any trouble, check some of the previous posts.

I will eat (masculine)

She is a girl

They are writing a letter (masculine)

You fell (feminine) (To fall = गिरना)

We had slept (masculine)

He walked

I am eating (feminine)

They went home (masculine). (Home = घर)

You will see (masculine)

We were (feminine)

 

 

Future Tense

Posted by Kunthra

In English the future tense is explained by saying, ‘I will..’. More specifically, it’s like saying, ‘I will go to the park’ or I will do the homework.

Hear is an example with the verb ‘to do’ (करना)

I will do (masculine) (मैं करूँगा)

I will do (feminine) (मैं करूँगी)

We will do (masculine) (हम करेंगे)

We will do (feminine) (हम करेंगी)

You will do (masculine)(singular) (आप करेंगे)

You will do (feminine)(singluar) (आप करेंगी)

You will do (masculine)(plural) (आप करेंगे)

You will do (feminine)(plural) (आप करेंगी)

He will do (वह करेगा)

She will do (वह करेगी)

They will do (masculine) (वे करेंगे)

They will do (feminine) (वे करेंगी)

 

Past Perfect Tense

Posted by Kunthra

In English the past perfect tense is used when the action was completed in the remote past. Examples of the past perfect tense are: ‘I had slept’ or ‘I had eaten’.

Here are some examples:

First with a transitive verb:

I had done: मैंने किया था

We had done: हमने किया था

You had done (both singular and plural): आपने किया था

He/She/It had done: उसने किया था

They had done (plural): उन्होंने किया था

Next with a masculine intransitive verb:

I had come: मैं आया था

We had come: हम आए थे

You had come (both singular and plural): आप आए थे

He/It had come: वह आया था

They had come: वे आए थे

In the feminine form:

I had come: मैं आई थी

We had come: हम आई थीं

You had come: आप आई थी

You had come (plural): आप आई थीं

She had come: वह आई थी

They had come: वे आई थीं

 

Causative Verbs

Posted by Kunthra

In English, causative verbs are things that allow someone to do something (Judy let me walk her dog), force someone to do something (My mother made me clean my room), or to convince someone to do something (The doctor got the patient to take the vaccine). In Hindi, there are also causative verbs in which an action is ’caused’ to happen through an agent. For example the Hindi word meaning “to drive” (चलाना) would be “to get driven” (चलवाना) when converted to a causative verb. To form the causative ending, drop the ना of the infinitive verb and add वाना to the stem of the verb.

Examples:

To do: करना

To get done: करवाना

Sample Sentence:

He got the work done: उसने काम करवाया

Notice how the verb करवाया ends in या and not ना

To send: भेजना

To cause to send: भेजवाना

Sample Sentence:

She caused everyone to go home: उसने सबको घर भिजवाया

Now try this on on your own:

If the verb “to eat” is खाना, how would you change this to the causative verb “to get fed”?

Answer: खिलवाना

 

Administrative Divisions of India Part II

Posted by Kunthra

The state language of Maharashtra is Marathi. Mumbai (formerly called Bombay) is the capital city of this state. Mumbai is the largest financial center in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India.

The state language of Manipur is Manipuri. Manipur is located in the northeastern part of India. Separatist groups have made Manipur a sensitive border state. Special permission must be obtained to enter Manipur.

The majority of the inhabitants of Mizoram are Christian. (Hindus are actually a minority in Mizoram.) In Mizoram, the selling and consuming of alcohol is prohibited.

The state language of Meghalaya is Garo. Ancestry in Meghalaya is traced matrilineally. The female population also outnumbers the male population. Christianity is the dominant religion.

The official language of Nagaland is English, but there are about sixty different dialects spoken among the tribes of Nagaland. Christianity is the dominant religion.

The state language of Orissa is Oriya. The longest dam in the world, Hirakud, is located in Orissa. The state of Orissa is prone to severe cyclone attacks.

The state language of Punjab is Punjabi. The Punjab area is home to many Sikhs. Punjab is the single largest provider of wheat in India, and its poverty rate is the lowest in India.

The state language of Rajasthan (राजस्थान) is Hindi. Rajasthan is called the shopper’s paradise. Rajasthan is famous for its intricate handicrafts, furniture and textiles.

The official language of Sikkim is English, but Nepali is also spoken as well. Sikkim is the least populated state in India. It is the only state in India with a Nepalese majority.

The state language of Tamil Nadu is Tamil. Tamil Nadu is home to five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, beautiful Hindu temples of Dravidian orgin and many religious pilgrimage sites.

The state language of Tripura is Kokborok, although Bengali is also spoken as well. Tripura was orginally an independent kingdom, but merged with India in 1949.

The state language of Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश) is Hindi. Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state in India. It is home to the Taj Mahal. It is an important place for Buddhists, because Gautama Buddha died here.

The state language of Uttarakhand (उत्तराखण्ड) is Hindi. Uttarakhand is called the Land of the Gods because of its numerous Hindu pilgrimage sites. It is also host to some of the elite universities in India.

The state language of West Bengal is Bengali. West Bengal was home to famous people like Rabindranath Tagore (Asia’s first Nobel laureate) and Satyajit Ray (Indian filmmaker).

 

Administrative Divisions of India

Posted by Kunthra

India is divided into twenty eight states:

The state language of Andhra Pradesh is Telegu. It is located on the southeastern coast of India. The Andhra Pradesh is called the Ricebowl of India because it produces rice as 77% of its cash crop.

The state language of Arunachal Pradesh (अरुणाचल प्रदेश) is Hindi. Arunachal Pradesh contains a large Sino-Tibetan population because the area borders the Tibet region.

The state language of Assam is Assamese. Assam is known for its tea and its rich biodiversity. Assam is one of the few places in India where animals still have a stable habitat.

The state language of Bihar (बिहार) is Hindi. Ironically Bihar used to be a powerful center for learning and culture in the past, but now its economy and importance among other states has lagged since then.

The state language of Chhattisgarh (छत्तीसगढ) is Hindi. Population wise, females are in greater numbers than males. As a result, the women tend to have more say over matters than women in other parts of India.

The state language of Goa is Konkani (गोंय). Konkani is unique in that it doesn’t have a unique script. The official writing system is devanagari, but other scripts like Marathi are used. Goa is India’s smallest state.

The state language of Gujarat is Gujarati. Gujarat has one of the fast growing economies and has played an important role in the history of India’s economic trade and commerce.

The state language of Haryana (हरियाणा) is Hindi. Haryana contains mostly an agricultural industry, but it is also one of the fastest industralizing states in telecommunications, auto manufacturing, and textiles.

The state language of Himachal Pradesh (हिमाचल प्रदेश) is Hindi. There are many rivers in Himachal Pradesh, and because of this, it is the leading area for hydroelectric power.

The state language of Jammu and Kashmir is Kashmiri. Jammu and Kashmir occupies the northenmost part of India. Jammu is known for its shrines and attracts thousands of Hindu and Muslim pilgrims.

The state language of Jharkhand (झारखंड) is Hindi. Jharkhand has numerous mineral resources such as iron, coal, and copper. Jharkhand is also a densely forested population.

The state language of Karnataka is Kannada. The Karnataka area has made significant contributions to classical Indian music and writers from this region have received the most Jnanpith awards in India.

The state language of Kerala is Malayalam. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India. The poverty level and health care facilities are one of the best in India.

The state language of Madhya Pradesh (मध्य प्रदेश) is Hindi. Madhya Pradesh is called the Hear of India because it is located in central India.

Check back for the rest of the states in the next post!