Posts under History

Armed Forces Day

Posted by Ginny

Usually in October, towards the beginning of the month, Korean and American flags are raised in honor of 국군의 날. 국군의 날 is Armed Forces Day. 국군의 날 is not a national holiday and people do not get the day off. Nonetheless it’s a day created to reflect upon the military sacrifices made when the South Korean forces reached the 38th parallel. To put it in an oversimplified way, the miltary forces of South Korea consists of the ROK Armed Forces (ROK = Republic of Korea) or 대한민국 국군 and KATUSA (Korean Augmentation to the US Army) or 카투사.

The history behind the 38th parallel is a source of national regret and sorrow. Before I introduce the history behind the 38th parallel, I’ll just briefly mention what it is. The 38th parallel is a latitudinal boundary set between North and South Korea. South of the 38th parallel lies South Korea and accordingly north of the parallel is North Korea. Sometimes the 38th parallel is referred to as the DMZ or the Demilitarized Zone (한반도 비무장지대).

The DMZ was created in 1953 as an armstice between North and South Korea. Before the armistice, North Korea had formed an alliance with the Soviet Union and South Korea had an alliance with the US. From 1950 to 1953 the two sides fought for territorial gains and political/ideological supremacy. Although the fighting ended with an armistice, there was never a peace treaty that followed afterward. Therefore, technically speaking North and South Korea are still engaged in a type of cold ‘war’. Both sides have agreed not to cross the DMZ, but there were periodic violations of this agreement.

There is a lot more to this story, but since we’re short on time, I’ll just say that it’s been estimated that around 36, 940 US troops were killed, with 245,000 - 415,000 South Korean troops killed and around 2,000,000 civilians who were also the casualities of the war. With these casualties in mind, let us not forget the sacrifices of these lives on 국군의 날.

 

Constitution Day

Posted by Ginny

Last month South Korea celebrated Constitution Day. Constitution Day in Korean is Jehunjul (제헌절). This national holiday celebrates the South Korean Constitution. The South Korean constitution was first drafted in 1948, but there have been revisions to the constitution ever since. The South Korean constitution lays out a basic framework for the Korean government and lists the basic freedoms of the people. Chapter 2 of the Constitution is explicitly dedicated to listing the individual rights of the South Korean people. For example chapter two basically states that if someone is accused, they must have a right to an attorney.

Although the rights of individuals are protected, there is an additional bill not part of the constitution that may overwrite the freedoms listed in chapter two. This bill is called the guk ga boan bup (국가 보안법) or the National Security Act. This bill has been controversial. The bill states that anyone that tries to overthrow the government or distribute materials against the South Korean government may have his/her individual rights taken away. Exactly what constitutes an ‘overthrow’ of the government is unclear. Recently the government has come under fire for imprisoning a couple of bloggers for putting up anti-government webpages.

For these reasons, the Constitution of South Korea is held in high esteem. The Constitution clearly states that Korea is a jayu minjujuk gibonjilso (자유민주적 기본질서) or liberal democracy. The Constitution secures the right to form associations and to carry out ‘collective action’. For Koreans, collective action has meant demo (데머) or demonstrations against government policies. These last few years it seems that the citizens of South Korea have brought it upon themselves to put it to frequent use. This is a huge departure from the dictatorship of the 1960s-1980s and the autocratic emperor system where individuals were usually killed or imprisoned for speaking out against the government or king.

 

South Korean President: Noh Mu Hyun

Posted by Ginny

( The views expressed on all Transparent Language blogs, including the Korean Blog, do not necessarily reflect the views of Transparent Language. We welcome your polite opinion and debate in the comments section of each post )

The recent suicide of ex South Korean President, Noh Mu Hyun (노무현) has received 24 hour coverage in the South Korean press. The suicide came as a shock to most people and thousands paid their respects to the deceased president by laying flowers on his tomb.

For those of you who don’t know Noh Mu Hyun (노무현), he was the underdog of politics. He did not have a sparkling pedigree like many of politicians in South Korea. In fact, he never attended university. His family could not afford it. He supported himself by working menial jobs and studying by night, to pass the bar exam. He eventually became a lawyer and gained public attention by questioning government officials about a possible corruption scheme. Ironically, these same allegatons of government corruption plagued the last days of his administration.

Noh () was considered to be an unconventional president. He did not speak as eloquently as the other politicians. He was kind of like the George W. Bush of South Korean politics. His rise to the presidency was a miracle. In 1990, he ran for the Democratic Pary (민주당) and lost. He ran again in 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 2000 and lost all those times. Finally, in 2002 he won by a thin margin.

As president, Noh () expanded many social programs. He was popular with the elderly and the rural poor because of these programs. In general though, his presidency was a tumultous one. He left his own party to form his own party called the Uri Party (열린우리). His decision to send troops to Iraq upon the request of George Bush was unpopular. He was viewed as mishandling the economy. His presidency saw the rise of housing prices and taxes.

After he left office on a bad note, investigations into a bribery scheme involving Noh surfaced in the public. It turned out Noh accepted an estimated $6 million dollars to “influence” some policy decisions. There was also evidence of Noh accepting money to buy lavish items like a $100,000 watch, and expensive apartment complexes in the U.S. Family members of Noh were questioned and also held guilty. Noh’s reputation was severly tarnished. He was considered a populist “people’s president”. He ran his campaign slogan as a government reformer, someone who would clean up corruption. It may be this hypocrisy that lead people to criticize Noh in the press.

On May 23rd, Noh committed suicide by jumping off a cliff. He left a suicide note apologizing to the public for his actions. The aftermath of his suicide also raised controversy. Some said that there was a conspiracy to kill Noh. Some felt that the media, the public, and other politicians were to blame for his death. They say that in the history of South Korean politics, no Korean president has been criticized as much as Noh has been criticized. Others felt no pity for Noh. They viewed him as a traitor to his country.

With North Korea being in the news these days, Noh has slowly faded from the press and the public’s mind. Perhaps now he can finally rest in peace.

 

Memorial Day

Posted by Ginny

June sixth is celebrated as 현충일 or Memorial Day in South Korea. It’s a day to commemorate the soldiers who have died while serving in the military. It’s especially for the soldiers who have died in the Korean War.

In some ways, the Korean War has been overshadowed by the Vietnam War. Despite only lasting three years, it’s inflicted a lot of casualties, both civilian and military. I guess you could say the war never really ended. The technical term is called armistice. The “war” is still going on, in a sort of “cold war.” In fact, some people don’t even call it a war. They call it a “conflict.” Whatever you call it, the Korean War has definitely shaped the Korean psyche and its attitude towards war.

For those of you who may not be familar with the history behind the Korean War, it started when the North Korean army invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite the Koreas into one Korea. In South Korea, the Korean War is called the 육이오 전쟁 or the 6/25 War. It’s named 6/25 because it’s named after the date the War started. On June 25th 1950, the North Korean army attacked Seoul and killed around 7,000 people. The survivors were forced to fight in the North Korean army.

President Truman, who was the American president at the time, intervened, for fear that communism would spread all throughout Asia. The U.S. got the support of the UN and tried to prevent the North Koreans from coming into the South any further. The Chinese thought it would be an opportune time to secure Taiwan, especially with the Americans preoccupied with the North Koreans. Truman had to send U.S. forces to Taiwan, spitting up the defenses that could have been used to fight the North Koreans.

China also enlisted the help of Russia. China was able push back UN forces, causing the UN forces to retreat. Finally in 1953, the UN and North Korea agreed to a cease-fire. The legacy of the Korean War is a bitter one. Many nations including Turkey, South Africa and others that were part of the UN forces, lost their men. The aftermath of the war concluded with a U.S. military base in South Korea, guarding the border between North and South Korea.

That’s why on 현충일 a national ceremony is held in the National Cemetery in Seoul. On May 27th 2009, Kim Jong Il announced that he would withdraw from the truce of 1953. Whether he will attack South Korea or whether it will turn out to be just a bluff is unclear. There are recently some disturbing news about nuclear missiles being tested on the waters of Japan. Hopefully, history won’t repeat itself.

 

The Blue House

Posted by Ginny

The President of the United States lives in the White House. The President of Argentina lives in the Pink House. What color house does the South Korean president live in? You guessed it, it’s the Blue House, or what is aptly called Chungwade (청와대). The Chungwade (청와대) contains the press hall or chunchukwan (춘추관), where the President makes his speeches. It also contains the guesthouse, or the youngbingwan (영빈관).

The Chungwade (청와대) is surrounded by centuries of history. It was first built by King Sukjong (숙종) in 1104 A.D. and continued to be the main palace for Korean kings up until the last king of Korea. It was then taken over by the Japanese in the 1900s and used as the headquarters for the Japanese military. Then it went back to South Korean control after WWII. In 1968 there was an infamous event when North Korean spies took over the Chungwadae (청와대). 68 South Koreans and 3 Americans died. In sum, this building has a wide span of history to it.

Not only is the Chungwade (청와대) historically valuable, it’s also located in a geographically strategic spot. The Chungwade (청와대) is surrounded by mountains. The names of these mountains are: Bukhansan (북한산), namsan (남산), and naksan (낙산). These mountains provide a natural barrier for to protect against any invasions. (Although if you look at the history behind the Chungwade (청와대), it’s protection is not absolute.) In addition to the mountains there are two bodies of water called the Chunkechun (청계천) and the hankang (한강).

Security is tight, so the only way you can see the President’s residence is to get a tour bus guide. You won’t be able to step inside the mansion, but at least you can view it from the outside.