Posts from March 2010

There are different kinds of みそしる or miso soup. The most basic kind of miso soup includes tofu squares, seaweed, and a soup stock called だし. The だし can be made of dried kelp, fish, or mushrooms. Sometimes a bowl of rice is served along with the soup. Miso soup can be found in many asian convenience stores. It’s sold in the form of a paste. Add water to the paste, in boiling water. That’s all there is to it! (If you like it plain!)

とんじる (also called ぶたじる) is a pork, vegetable and miso paste soup. The vegetables may include potato squares, sliced onions, carrots, and green onions. The pork is thinly sliced. Sometimes I leave just the pork slices to absorb the flavor of the miso soup, and later add the slices to the とんじる. It just tastes incredible this way! This soup can also be found in packaged form in Japanese convenience stores.

いもに is a meat and potato soup that includes sugar and soy sauce as its basic ingredients. It’s a popular food served outdoors. Depending on the region, other ingredients may include pork (thinly sliced), beef, tofu, mushrooms, cabbage, carrots, and even miso paste. The Yamagata Prefecture (山形県) is famous for its いもに. In the autumn months, tourists flock to the region to get a taste of the いもに.

ぞうすい is a rice and vegetable soup. There are different kinds of ぞうすい recipes, but the most common is the one with chicken in it. To make the soup, precook the rice in water and mix it with だし with ingredients like mushrooms, radish, seaweed and green onions. This is a soup thought to cure the common cold and for those who don’t have an appetite. It’s also a soup consumed on cold, chilly days.

In English, the present continuous is formed by adding -ing to the verb. In Japanese, the present continuous is formed by adding ~でいる.

To form the present affirmative polite, use the ending ~でいます/ています

彼女は公園で歩いています = She is walking in the park

(かのじょ/彼女 = she. = subject marking particle. こうえん/公園 = park. = in. あるいています/歩いています.)

To form the present negative polite, use the ending ~ていません/でいません

子供は食べていません = The child is not eating

(こども/子供 = child. = subject marking particle. たべていません/食べていません = not eating.)

To form the past affirmative polite, use the ending ~でいました/ていました

どろぼうは走っていました = The robber was running

(どろぼう = robber. = subject marking particle.  はしっていました/走っていました = was running.)

To form the past negative polite, use the ending ~でいませんでした/ていませんでした

赤ちゃんは泣いていませんでした = The baby was not crying

(あかちゃん/赤ちゃん = baby. = subject marking particle. ないていませんでした/泣いていませんでした = was not crying.)

So to form the present continuous in Japanese, use the form of the verb and ている. Did the endings ~ます, ~ません, ました, ませんでした look familiar? It’s because we saw these endings when we were conjugating RU ending verbs.

We’ve already gone through the number system, but here’s a chart that compares both the kun (native Japanese numbers) and the on (chinese derived) numbers side by side. Also, generally speaking, the native Japanese pronunciations of numbers are used from 0-10 and don’t go beyond that.

 Numerals  On  Kun  Kanji
 0  れい  *ゼロ derived from English  零/〇
 1  いち  ひと  一
 2  に  ふた  二
 3  さん  み  三
 4  よん/よ  し  四
 5  ご  いつ  五
 6  ろく  む  六
 7  しち  なな  七
 8  はち  や  八
 9  きゅう/く  ここの  九
 10  じゅう  とお  十
 11  じゅういち    十一
 12  じゅうに    十二
 13  じゅうさん    十三
 14  じゅうよん    十四
 15  じゅうご    十五
 16  じゅうろく    十六
 17  じゅうしち    十七
 18  じゅうはち    十八
 19  じゅうきゅう/じゅうく    十九
 20  にじゅう    にじゅう
 21  にじゅういち    二十一
 22  にじゅうに    二十二
 23  にじゅうさん    二十三
 24  にじゅうよん    二十四
 25  にじゅうご    二十五
 26  にじゅうろく    二十六
 27  にじゅうしち    二十七
 28  にじゅうはち    二十八
 29  にじゅうきゅう    二十九
 30  さんじゅう    三十
 40  よんじゅう    四十
 50  ごじゅう    五十
 60  ろくじゅう    六十
 70  ななじゅう    七十
 80  はちじゅう    八十
 90  きゅうじゅう    九十
 100  ひゃく    百

Early Japanese calligraphy was first influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The piece of writing on the left is titled がっきろん (楽毅論) and was produced by Empress Kōmyō (光明皇后). The Empress copied this text from the Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi. All the original works done by Wang Xizhi have been lost, so the only copy of this form of calligraphy still left to us is Empress Kōmyō’s がっきろん.

This piece is called, “Cry for Noble Saichō” (哭最澄上人) by Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇). In contrast to the writing above, the characters are more rounded and less sharp. The characters are also less compact than the characters in the piece, がっきろん. In the late Heian era (平安時代), calligraphers began to slowly break away from Chinese influences to develop a unique Japanese style of calligraphy.

This is an excerpt from a collection of poems called, きんだいしゅうか or “Superior Poems of Our Time”. The author’s name is Fujiwara no Teika (藤原定家). By the time of the Kamakura period (鎌倉時代) (1185-1333 AD) and the Muromachi period (室町時代) (1333-1573) Japanese calligraphy became more restrained, but yet retaining the innovative cursive style started in the Heian period.

Japanese calligraphy has been affected by Zen Buddhism. Zen calligraphy tends to be very minimalist, with an emphasis on singular characters or phrases. The strokes tend to be dark, heavy and broad. Zen calligraphy is a spiritual experience for some calligraphers. The calligrapher is expected to put all his/her concentration in the strokes with fluid movments of the brush.

There are of course, many more styles of calligraphy not mentioned here. The point of this post was to show how Japanese calligraphy can be beautiful, technical, and various in form.

In Japanese, first and second pronouns are frequently omitted, but just for review, here are some of the most common first and second person pronouns : (Note: because of the complexity of the Japanese language, i.e. politeness, gender, context etc. not all of the possible pronouns are listed below. However, this is a pretty comprehensive list)

わたし/ = I (formal). Can be used by males and females.

おれ/ = I (informal). Mostly used by males. Depending on the situation, may be crude to use. Considered overly masculine.

ぼく/ = I (informal). Mostly used by males. When used by females, it gives off a tomboyish impression.

あたし = I (informal). Mostly used by girls in conversation, but not in written communication. When males use it, it might give an impression of effeminateness.

Referring to oneself in the third person by using one’s own name = (informal) is sometimes used by children and young women as a way to sound cute when talking about oneself.  

おいら = I (informal). Used by males, but rarely used because of the stereotype associated with being a country bumpkin.

あなた = singular you. Formality depends on the situation. May be used by married women as a way to address their husbands. Similar to the word “dear” or “honey”.

あんた = singular you (informal). Considered rude.

おまえ/お前 = singular you (informal). Used mostly by men. Avoid using this to superiors/seniors.

てめい = singuar you (informal). Mostly used by males; especially in a confrontational manner just before a fight.

きさま/貴様 = singular you (informal). Mostly used by males, especially when angry.

きみ/ = singular you (informal). It’s rude with superiors, but can be an affectionate term with friends.

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