Posts from December 2009

Today’s post is abou Japanese mythology. Japanese mythology is rich and vast. We’ll only go through a couple of myths, and the versions of these myths will be condensed. The first myth has to do with the formation of Japan. Once upon a time a male god named いざなぎ and a female goddess named いざなみ met so that they could mate. The female goddess uttered the first greeting to the male god. Then the two mated and had two children, who were badly deformed. いざなぎ and いざなみ sought the other gods as to why the children were deformed.

The other gods informed the couple that a woman must not speak before a man. Therefore because いざなみ made the first utterance to いざなぎ before they mated, いざなみ displayed bad manners. The result of these bad manners led to the deformation of the children. After this, the couple tried to mate again, but this time the male god いざなぎ spoke first. This time around the couple was successful. Eight healthy children were produced from this union. Later the eight children formed the eight great islands of Japan. From this mythology you can make some inferences about male/female relations and the importance of good manners in Japanese culture.

This next myth has to do with the geographic/natural formation of Japan. The female goddess いざなみ died during childbirth. The male god いざなぎ was distraught by her death. He ventured into the underworld to see her. The underworld was so dark that いざなぎ could not see いざなみ very well. いざなぎ lit his headdress on fire and saw that his wife was a rotting mess of maggots. Terrified, he fled. いざなみ was angered by his betrayal and sent wild demons after him. To rid the demons he threw his headdress to the floor, which became a grape vine. The demons still pursued いざなぎ, at which point he threw his comb, resulting in the formation of bamboo shoots.

Then いざなぎ urinated against a tree, which formed a river. This slowed down the demons. He was finally able to place a large boulder to block the entrance of the underworld. いざなみ was angered that he got away. She vowed to take away 1,000 lives every day. This story tells not only of how the natural geography of Japan was formed, but it also explains how human beings became mortal (through いざなみ). The royal family of Japan used to trace their ancestry to いざなぎ and いざなみ. The myths were important in the sense that it legitimized the actions of the royal family, which made it impossible for people to rebel against the emperor’s orders.

There are also some books on Japanese mythology on Amazon, so check those out for a more thorough version of these myths!

あります can be used to indicate that something “is” or “exists” at a certain location. For example, あそこ に びょういん が あります = There’s a hospital over there. (あそこ = over there. = ni particle. びょういん = hospital. = ga particle. あります = there is.) There are a couple of things to note here. The particle was used instead of . So the general formula you use to say, “there are/there is” something is: place + + あります. Secondly, あります can only be used for non livng things like a hospital. You can’t use あります for people. For people you use います.

Here’s a sentence using います: あそこ に いしゃ が います = There is a doctor over there. (あそこ = over there. = ni particle. いしゃ = doctor. = ga particle. います = there is.) Notice that even when we’re using います, the same general forumla is used: person + + います. Generally あります is used for non living or inanimate things like places, objects and abstract concepts like freedom,  while います is used for living things like people and animals. います and あります can also be used to indicate that someone owns something or that someone has something.

In this question, “にもつ が ありますか” someone may be asking, “[Do you] have [your] luggage?”. (にもつ = luggage.  = ga particle. あります = have. か = question marking particle.) You can also use this with more intangible thinks like dreams: “ゆめ が あります” = I have a dream. (ゆめ = dream.  = ga particle. あります = have.) You can also indicate that you don’t have something by using ありません in place of あります. One of the errors some people make is to use います/あります to transcribe the meaning “is” in Japanese. Remember from the beginning of this blog we talked about how です can mean “is” as well.

It’s correct to say, “せんせい は にほんじんです” or The teacher is a Japanese person. (せんせい = teacher.  = wa particle. にほんじん = Japanese person. です = is.) You can’t use います here because you technically can’t “own” or “have Japanese ethnicity” but you can certaintly “be” of Japanese descent. Like in the sentence above, です is used to describe a characteristic of a person or thing. However, あります and います is used to describe the existence or the location of a person or thing.

The particle indicates that one is heading or setting out to head towards a goal or direction. The particle is often confused with the particle and for a good reason. The and particle can somtimes be interchangeable and yet produce a slighly different meaning. is used when the destination is the final goal. However does not necessarily mean that the destination is the final goal. is much more specific. It’s kind of like saying, “I will go TO the (actual location of the station) station”, but is more ambiguous, more like “I will go TOWARDS the station (but perhaps not at the actual station but somewhere outside it)”.

There are times when and are interchangeable. For example the sentence used above is interchangeable, with only a slight (depending on the context) difference in meaning. “えき に いきます” = I will go to the station. “えき へ いきます” = I will go towards the station. (えき = station. / = ni/he particle. いきます = will go.) Also most of the time is pronounced as “he”, but as a particle it is pronounced as ““. Obviously when you’re giving directions to someone, the distinction of versus is important, but the general understanding of the sentence (not including giving directions) of the two particles are similar.

and are not interchangeable in terms of time. Only is used for time references. (For more on the particle, check the blog post here: http://www.transparent.com/japanese/%e3%81%ab-particle/) For example, a sentence like this is correct with but not with : “ろくじ に たべます” = I eat at 6 o’clock. (ろくじ = 6 o’clock.  = ni particle. たべます = eat.) cannot be used in this sentence because 6 o’clock is an exact time reference. If you want to say something less exact like “I eat around 6 o’clock” use the word ごる like this, “ろくじ ごる たべます

Another restriction on is that you must use it with a verb of motion like いく (to go) or with a destination. For example, a sentence like this can only be used with and not , “わたし の せんせい に あいます” = I will meet my teacher”. (わたし = my.  = no particle. せんせい = teacher.  = ni particle. あいます = will meet). Since あいます is not a verb of motion like かえる (to return) you can’t use . However you can say, “ぎんざ へ せんせい に あいます” = I will meet [my] teacher (somwhere in) Ginza. (Ginza = ぎんざ.) If you were to replace  with it would mean, “I will meet [my] teacher (at a predestined/agreed upon destination with the teacher in) Ginza.

As the New Year approaches, maybe you’ve already made some new resolutions for the coming year. Perhaps one of your resolutions is to learn the Japanese language, or to travel to Japan. Have you thought about applying to a Japanese university in an effort to learn Japanese or live in Japan? If so, here is a rough list of Japanese universities that are very well known in Japan. Of course, you want to apply not just based on rankings, but how they accomodate foreign students, the cost, location, strength of the Japanese language program etc. Hopefully this list will get you started on your research if you haven’t done so already.

The University of Tokyo (東京大学)(とうきょうだいがく) is the foremost prestigious university of Japan. Many famous individuals, including prime ministers, have graduated from this university. This university is especially known for its research. The best and the brightest students of Japan all clamor to be accepted into this university. Here’s some more info (in English) at the university’s website: http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_e.html

Kyoto University (京都大学)(きょうとだいがく) is a major national university in Japan. Famous Nobel Laureates have graduated from this university. It is the second oldest university in Japan and is still partially controlled by the Japanese Ministry of Education (文部科学省)(もんぶかがくしょう). For more info check here: http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en

Waseda University (早稲田大学)(わせだだいがく) is a private university with 学問の独立 (がくもんのどくりつ)(independence of learning) as its motto. Many famous CEOs of Japan and even celebrities have graduated from this university. More infor here: http://www.waseda.jp/top/index-e.html

Tokyo Institute of Technology (東京工業大学)(とうきょうこうぎょうだいがく) is the best university for students who want to matriculate in engineering and the sciences. Many famous Japanese scientists and inventors have graduated from this university: http://www.titech.ac.jp/english/index.html

Keio University (慶應義塾大学)(けいおうぎじゅくだいがく) is the oldest existing university in Japan. Keio also has one of the best baseball teams on the university level. Here’s the website: http://www.keio.ac.jp/

There are more nationally renown universities that are not covered in this list. I encourage you to do your own research and see what university will help you accomplish your goals!

The last two posts described how to talk about the location of places and items in Japanese. Here are some vocabulary words that you can insert within the formula that was mentioned in the last two posts.

いえ () : home, house

うち : home, house

えき () : station

おしる : castle

おてら (お寺) : temple

おてあらい (お手洗い) : restroom

おべんとう (お弁当) : boxed lunch

おまんじゅう : sweet bun

おもち : rice cake

おみやげ (お土産) : souvenir

おもちゃ : toy

おんせん (温泉) : spa, hot spring

かいしゃ (会社) : company

こうえん (公園) : park

しゅくだい (宿題) : homework

ちかてつ (地下鉄) : subway

でんわ (電話) : telephone

ふく () : clothes

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