Posts under Grammar

Il Congiuntivo Part 1 - Presente

Posted by Serena

Several readers have asked me to explain how and when to use the congiuntivo (subjunctive), a verb form which is not used very much in English but is quite common in Italian. This is quite a big topic, so in order to make it more ‘digestible’ I have decided to divide it into several “chapters”. Let’s begin with the Congiuntivo Presente (present subjunctive).  

The Congiuntivo Presente is normally used…

1. after the conjunction che (that), following verbs which express wishes, thoughts, believes, and doubts, such as volere (to want), sperare (to hope), pensare (to think), credere (to believe), dubitare (to doubt). Here are some examples: Giovanni vuole che lo aiutiate a ridipingere la camera (Giovanni wants you [plural] to help him repaint the bedroom); speriamo che domani non piova (let’s hope that tomorrow it won’t rain); Lucia pensa che Maria parta oggi per le vacanze (Lucia thinks that Maria is leaving today for her holidays); mi stupisco che tu sia ancora qui (I’m surprised that you are still here); ho paura che Carlo non ce la faccia a superare l’esame (I’m worried that Carlo won’t be able to pass the exam).

2. to give polite orders when using the lei form, e.g. Parli più lentamente, per piacere (speak more slowly, please); Cliente: Mi scusi! Cameriere: Mi dica Cliente: Un cappuccino, per piacere (Customer: Excuse me! Waiter: yes sir [literally: tell me]. Customer: A cappuccino, please).

3. after impersonal verbs followed by the conjunction che, such as bisogna che (it’s necessary that), basta che (it’s enough/sufficient that), si dice che (it is said that), e.g. bisogna che Carlo studi di più (lit. it’s necessary that Carlo studies more, or: it’s necessary for Carlo to study more); basta che tu mi dica con che treno arriverai (it’s sufficient that you tell me which train you’ll arrive with, or more simply: just tell me which train you’re arriving on); si dice che questa sia una leggenda (this is said to be a legend).

4. after impersonal constructions such as è facile / difficile che (it’s likely / unlikely that), è meglio che (it’s better that), è un peccato che (it’s a pity that), non è giusto che (it’s unfair that), e.g. È un peccato che tu non possa venire (it’s a pity that you can’t come); non è giusto che sia sempre io a lavare i piatti (it’s unfair that it’s always me that has to wash the dishes); è meglio che veniate oggi pomeriggio (it’s better that you [plural] come this afternoon).

5. following conjunctions built with che, such as prima che (before), affinché (so that, in order that), a meno che (unless), nel caso che (in case), e.g. dobbiamo partire prima che faccia buio (we must leave before it gets dark); ti aiuto affinché tu possa superare l’esame (I’m helping you so that you can pass the exam).

 

To make the congiuntivo presente of regular verbs, remove the ending from the infinitive form of the verb, i.e. -are, -ere, or -ire, and add the following:

for verbs ending in –are add –i –i –i –iamo –iate –ino, for example:

Parlare (to speak):

Io parli, tu parli, lui parli, lei parli, noi parliamo, voi parliate, loro parlino

 

for verbs ending in –ere, and –ire add –a –a –a –iamo –iate –ano, for example:

Credere (to believe):

Io creda, tu creda, lui creda, lei creda, noi crediamo, voi crediate, loro credano

 

Dormire (to sleep):

Io dorma, tu dorma, lui dorma, lei dorma, noi dormiamo, voi dormiate, loro dormano

 

Verbs ending in –ire which use the suffix –isco in the normal present tense (presente indicativo), follow the same rule in the present subjunctive, e.g.

Capire (to understand):

Io capisca, tu capisca, lui capisca, lei capisca, noi capiamo, voi capiate, loro capiscano

 

As you can see from the above examples the singular forms of the congiuntivo presente, io, tu, lui, lei, all use the same ending, therefore in order to avoid confusion we tend to use the appropriate personal pronoun , e.g. Penso che tu sia ammalato (I think that you are ill).

 

However, beware that many common verbs, such as essere (to be) and avere (to have) are irregular! Therefore in part 2 of this article I’ll give you a list of the most useful irregular verbs conjugated in the present subjunctive.

 

 

 

Mind where you put your adjectives!

Posted by Serena

At the end of my previous blog dealing with  adjectives and their positions I said: “Finally, there are some cases in which adjectives change meaning according to their position, but I will save that for a rainy day!” Well il giorno piovoso (the rainy day) has finally arrived after almost two months of siccità (dryness), so here is that blog! The following examples illustrate how the position of the adjective can change the meaning expressed by the sentence.

The adjectives grande (big), buono/a (good), and povero/a (poor) have a literal meaning when they follow the noun:

È una donna grande - She is a big woman

È un uomo buono - He is a good man

È una donna povera - She is a poor woman (i.e. without money)

 

However when these same adjectives precede the noun they take on a more metaphoric meaning:

È una gran donna - She is a great woman (N.B. we drop the ‘-de’ from grande for pronunciation reasons)

È un buon uomo - He is a naive man

È una povera donna – She is an unfortunate woman

 

Here are a few more adjectives that change meaning according to their position:

Certe notizie – some particular pieces of news / notizie certe – definite news

Diversi vestiti – several clothes / vestiti diversi – different clothes

Numerose famiglie – many families / famiglie numerose – big families

È una semplice operazione – it’s just an operation / è un’operazione semplice – it’s an easy operation

Un’unica foto - a single photo / una foto unica – a unique photo

Una vecchia amica – an old friend / un’amica vecchia – an elderly friend

 

Now have a go at translating the following sentence, paying close attention to the position of the adjectives in italics:

Ieri ho visto un’amica vecchia, che è andata dal dottore per fare un semplice controllo. Finora, quella povera donna non ha ottenuto risultati certi, ma il dottore pensa che si tratti di un caso unico.

 

Pronomi Personali Indiretti part 2: Forme Atone

Posted by Serena

In part 1 of this article I introduced the forme toniche (stressed forms) of the indirect personal pronouns; in this second part we’re going to have a look at the forme atone or ‘unstressed forms’, which are less emphatic than the forme toniche. In more technical terms, the forme atone have the grammatical function of the complemento di termine or dative. Here is the complete list: 

mi (to me)

ti (to you, singular, informal)

gli (to him)

le (to her / to you, singular, formal)

ci (to us)

vi (to you, plural)

gli / loro (to them); in spoken Italian the form gli is now commonly used also for the plural, instead of the more correct loro.

 

Forme atone are more commonly used in everyday language than forme toniche preceded by the preposition a. Here are two examples that illustrate the difference between the two forms: 

Forme atone: gli ho dato il libro (I gave him the book). Forme toniche: ho dato il libro a lui (I gave the book to him).

Forme atone: Gianni: Ti assicuro che è tutto vero! Luca: Va bene, ti credo (Gianni: I assure you that is all true! Luca: OK, I believe you). Forme toniche: Gianni: A chi credi, a me o a Bruno? Luca: Va bene, credo a te (Gianni: Who do you believe, me or Bruno? Luca: OK, I believe to you).

Because of its dative value, la forma atona is normally used with the verb piacere, e.g. mi piace il mare (I like the sea); le piace la montagna (she likes the mountain). However, if you need to emphasize the pronouns, you should use the forme toniche, for example: a me piace il mare, ma a lei piace la montagna (I like the sea, but she likes the mountain).

 

Because of their lack of stress, le forme atone normally come immediately before the verb, but in the following cases they are joined onto the end of the verb:

after an infinitive: siamo venuti per parlarvi (We have come to talk to you)

after a gerundive: non voglio offendere Giorgio dicendogli questo (I don’t want to offend Giorgio by telling him this)

after the imperative: non ditele nulla (do not tell her anything); parlami! (talk to me!).

 

The forme atone cannot be used in the following situations:

With the prepositions di, da, in, con, su, per, tra / fra

In comparisons after come (like/as) or quanto (as much as), e.g. A Gianna piace il gelato al cioccolato come a me (Gianna likes chocolate ice cream like me)

After the conjunctions anche (also, too), neanche (not even, neither), pure (even), and neppure / nemmeno (not even), e.g. Mario: mi piace il mare. Luca: Anche a me (Mario: I like the sea. Luca: me too), Mario: Non mi ha dato il libro Luca: Neanche a me (Mario: He didn’t give me the book. Luca: He didn’t give it to me either).

 

Pronomi Personali Indiretti Part 1: Forme Toniche

Posted by Serena

The topic of pronomi personali indiretti (indirect personal pronouns) is a fairly large one, so I am splitting it into two separate blogs, each dealing with one of the two forms which you will encounter. At the end of part two I will explain how to work out when to use each form.  

Il pronome personale indiretto is used when the personal pronoun is not doing the action, i.e. it is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, but is the indirect receiver of the action. As an indirect receiver, the pronoun is preceded by one of the following prepositions: a, di, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra (‘tra’ and ‘fra’ are two alternative spellings of the same preposition). As I have mentioned above, there are two different forms of pronome personale indiretto: forme toniche, which has a wider usage, and  forme atone, and in this article I will be concentrating on the former.

Forme toniche (lit: accented forms) often come after the verb, and are stressed, helping to give them more emphasis in the sentence. Here is a list of the forme toniche preceded by a (to) which is the most commonly used preposition:

a me (to me);

a te (to you, singular, informal);

a lui (to him);

a lei (to her / to you, singular, formal);

a noi (to us);

a voi (to you, plural);

a loro (to them).

Now let’s have a look at a few examples of how we use them: Giovanna, vieni con me al mercato? (Giovanna, are you coming to the market with me?); ho comprato questo regalo per voi (I bought this present for you); ho dato il libro a loro (I gave the book to them); il direttore ha fiducia in te (the manager has confidence in you); Maria: Giorgio, hai visto i nonni recentemente? Giorgio: No, vado da loro oggi pomeriggio (Maria: Giorgio, have you seen our grandparents recently? Giorgio: No, I’m going to them [to see them] this afternoon).

Finally, ‘le forme toniche’ are used without any preposition in idiomatic exclamations such as Beato te! (lucky you!); povero me! (poor me!); contento lui, contenti tutti! (If he is happy, everybody is happy!).

 

Verbs followed by the preposition ‘Di’

Posted by Serena

At the end of my previous article ‘Tricky little words: ‘Ne’’ I promised you a list of common verbs that are normally followed by the preposition di, and which can be substituted by the particella pronominale ‘ne’. Several of the verbs in this list are reflexive, therefore when using the ‘ne’ the reflexive pronoun goes first and should be changed to me (myself), te (yourself, friendly) se (himself, herself, yourself polite), ce (ourselves), ve (yourselves), se (themselves), e.g. Laura: Hai comprato il latte? Bruno: Scusa, me ne sono dimenticato (Laura: Have you bought the milk? Bruno: Sorry, I forgot it). Those of you who use the ‘byki’ software can use the following to make a ‘byki list’

 

Accorgersi di – to notice

Avere bisogno di – to need

Avere paura di – to be afraid of

Dimenticarsi di – to forget

Innamorarsi di – to fall in love with

Interessarsi di – to be interested in

Lamentarsi di – to complain about

Occuparsi di – to deal with / to look after

Pentirsi di – to regret

Preoccuparsi di – to worry about

Rendersi conto di – to realize

Ricordarsi di – to remember

Ridere di – to laugh at

Soffrire di – to suffer from

Stancarsi di – to be tired of

Stufarsi di – to be fed up with

Vantarsi di – to boast about

Vergognarsi di – to be ashamed of