Posts under "Geography"

Lucca: Villa and Palazzo Guinigi

Posted by Serena 5 Comments
May 25 2009

A couple of weeks ago we went to my hometown, Lucca, to visit my parents, and while we were there we decided to take the opportunity to visit one of Lucca’s many historic buildings. We opted for the Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi (National Museum of Villa Guinigi), which we hadn’t been to for many years, and I must say that it was an extremely pleasant rediscovery, not least because it was very quiet and tranquil after our previous day’s frenetic visit to Firenze, in fact we were the only visitors! The Museum houses artifacts ranging from the prehistoric to the late Roman period, and a collection of art works dating from the Middle Ages (Romanesque, Gothic and early Renaissance periods), up to the 18th century. These works were all created either by local artists or by artists who worked in Lucca, and they have been gathered from churches, palaces and private collections. Amongst others there are works by Jacopo della Quercia, Donatello, Matteo Civitali, Botticelli, Filippino Lippi, Guido Reni, and Giorgio Vasari. Of particular interest are the fine works in inlaid wood by Cristoforo Canozzi da Lendinara (15th century), which were originally the doors of a cupboard from the sacristy in Lucca’s Cathedral. These multi-colored intarsi (marquetries) are a kind of trompe-l’oeil of views from various Lucchese windows depicting the town as it appeared in the 15th century.

The Museum is housed in Villa Guinigi, the house that Paolo Guinigi, Lord of Lucca, ordered built for himself at the beginning of the 15th century outside the town walls. The villa was intended as a ‘country’ alternative to their town dwelling, the Palazzo Guinigi, in Lucca. Whenever I think of the Villa Guinigi I have this image in my mind of the Guinigi family getting ready to move out to their ‘country house’ for the summer holidays: multitudes of servants covering all the furniture with white dust sheets, packing numerous crates with clothes and personal belongings, everybody getting into the carriages, and finally starting the journey out to the countryside, a journey that lasted probably … less than 10 minutes! In fact Villa Guinigi is situated only about a kilometer from the Guinigi’s town palace! and although it was originally located outside the Medieval town walls, it was later enclosed within the 17th century town walls thus becoming a ‘town house’. This magnificent villa was built in red brick, which was very expensive at the time, and has a portico on the ground floor, and trefoil mullioned  windows, supported by slender white marble columns, on the upper floor. The architectural style of the building is the typical Romanesque-Gothic style, which was fashionable in Lucca at the time.

The same style also characterizes Palazzo Guinigi, the splendid town palace built by Francesco Guinigi, father of Paolo Guinigi. A corner of the building is dominated by an imposing tower, now a symbol of Lucca, standing out as it does against the town skyline, with its crown of lecci (holm-oaks). Our Cicerone (guide) at the museum explained to us that, due to the fact that Lucca is built on a water table, at the time of Paolo Guinigi there were strict laws that prevented the construction of very tall and potentially unstable buildings (like the tower of Pisa for example). To overcome the problem Paolo Guinigi, Lord of Lucca, had trees planted on the top of his tower to make it taller, and thus demonstrate his wealth and power. Tourists who don’t suffer from vertigo can now visit the top of the Torre Guinigi (Guinigi’s Tower) and enjoy spectacular panoramic views of the town, making it well worth the effort of the climb. You can find some photos of the tower here: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Guinigi 

Buona visita a Lucca!

A day in Firenze

Posted by Serena 3 Comments
Apr 28 2009

Last week here in Italy was Settimana della Cultura (Culture Week). Organized by the Italian Ministry of Arts, Settimana della Cultura offers free entry to all the national museums, so we decided to make the most of it and go to Firenze (Florence) for the first time in many years. On the Monday afternoon we went down to Lucca to visit my parents, and use their house as a base for our ‘expedition’. The following morning we caught the Lazzi bus from Piazzale Verdi in Lucca. Known as the direttissima per Firenze (the ‘very direct for Florence’!), the bus runs from Lucca to Firenze along the motorway without any stops, it’s comfortable and fast, and in just over an hour we had arrived in Piazza Adua, Firenze, right next to the main railway station which is called Santa Maria Novella.

Full of enthusiasm, we strolled down past the Chiesa di San Lorenzo and the Cappelle Medicee towards the Galleria dell’Accademia: I was in fact planning on visiting the Galleria because I love Michelangelo’s “unfinished” statues of the four prigioni (prisoners) and the Pieta’ di Palestrina, but I had completely forgotten that the Galleria is of course also famous for Michelangelo’s David. As we got near the Museum we saw a coda (cue, literally ‘tail’) of people, probably 200 meters long, all waiting with dogged patience to get into the Galleria dell’Accademia! Mamma mia, stavo per piangere! (I was ready to cry). Disappointed, but resigned to the situation I decided to go to the nearby Museo Archeologico where I used to work many years ago.

This is an excellent museum, but is not very popular with tourists due to the comparative lack of ‘famous’ works of art, and apart from a couple of school parties it was very quiet. Upon arriving, I sought out my former manager, now director of the Egyptian section, and caught up with all the latest gossip about my ex Egyptology colleagues. We then went on to have a fascinating tour of the Museum. Near the entrance there was a very interesting exhibition about counterfeit money, which began with counterfeit Roman coins, and included fake Bank of England banknotes produced by the Third Reich in Sachhausen concentration camp during WW2 in order to try and flood the British and U.S. economies with counterfeit money, fake post WW2 Italian Lire notes,  and contemporary forged credit cards. The exhibition ended with a large display of machinery which had been used in a counterfeit money factory discovered a year ago near Rome which produced fake US Dollars. It was all very fascinating and you couldn’t help but admire the ingenuity of the forgers.

At lunchtime, rimbambiti (stupified) after looking at innumerable Etruscan bronzes and Egyptian steles, we went out into Piazza Santissima Annunziata to eat our panini. The piazza was packed with parties of school children whose main occupation seemed to be feeding the pigeons with their panini. Luckily there is plenty of space for everybody to find a seat on the steps that lead up to the beautiful porticoes of the Spedale degli Innocenti by Brunelleschi. Feeling somewhat refreshed we continued our expedition with a walk down towards Santa Maria in Fiore, with its magnificent Campanile di Giotto (Giotto’s bell tower), finally arriving at il Bargello.

Il Bargello, also known as the Palazzo del Podesta’, houses the national museum of Tuscan Sculptures from the 14th to the 17th century. Here you can find many famous sculptures by Michelangelo, Giambologna, Benvenuto Cellini and Donatello, as well as a collection of exquisite ivory carvings, the intricate work of goldsmiths, beautiful tapestries, and armor. Displayed on a wall behind Donatello’s David (a delicate bronze sculpture depicting a young adolescent, so different from Michelangelo’s powerful marble sculpture of the same name), there are two very interesting bronze plaques, one by Lorenzo Ghiberti and the other by Filippo Brunelleschi. They were made in 1401 for a competition which was held in Firenze to choose the artist who would decorate the second door of the Baptistery (the first door had been decorated by Andrea Pisano in 1336). The artists entering the competition had to present a work based on the biblical story of the Sacrificio di Isacco (Isaac’s sacrifice) and many famous artists, including Jacopo Della Quercia, presented their interpretations of this theme in order to try and win this prestigious contract. In the end the judges awarded equal first place to both Ghiberti and Brunelleschi, but it seems that Brunelleschi artistic pride prevented him from sharing the job, and so the work of embellishing the huge doors of the Baptistery was carried out by Ghiberti. Even if it is full of wonders I have to say that what I like best about this museum is the building itself: il Bargello was built between 1255 and 1346; it has a beautiful inner courtyard surrounded by porticoes with a monumental staircase which takes you up to the first floor where the museum is located. We walked around with our mouths open looking at the imposing walls, the decorative ceilings, and the fantastic windows composed of hundreds of round glass ‘panes’ which looked rather like the bottoms of old wine bottles. This is probably my favorite building in the whole of Firenze: if only it could be mine!

After we left the Bargello we wandered through some of the narrow Medieval streets down near the river Arno, took one look at the Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) which seemed about to collapse under the heaving mass of tourists, and then back up towards Piazza della Signoria, where we sat down to listen to a street musician whilst watching a ‘living sculpture’. Finally we escaped the mad hordes and strolled along some of the smaller interesting backstreets to find our way back to the bus station. 

E’ stata una bella giornata.

Abruzzo

Posted by Serena No Comments
Apr 7 2009

Once again Italy has been hit by an earthquake, this time the main victim being the town of L’Aquila in the region of Abruzzo. In terms of seismic activity we are a very high risk country, added to which we have a lot of old vulnerable buildings, but it’s easy to forget all that until the next earthquake strikes and claims yet more victims. Some people had been predicting a major earthquake in the Abruzzo area, and all the usual controversies have surfaced again concerning whether or not the impact, in terms of death and injury, could have been lessened by preventative measures. But I don’t want to get into the polemics of whether this latest tragedy could have been prevented or not; instead I’d like to write about Abruzzo itself, that little region which I’m so fond of, and which has been so badly devastated by Sunday night’s earthquake.

Several years ago I spent a summer holiday in Abruzzo, as a guest of some friends. Coming from Lucca in Tuscany, with its gentle terraced hills, olive groves, and vineyards, I was greatly impressed by the wilderness of this region. Abruzzo is very mountainous, having the highest peaks in the whole of the Appennini, the mountain range that forms the spine of the Italian peninsula. The rugged group known as Gran Sasso d’Italia (lit. Great Stone of Italy) which reaches 2900 meters is the tallest, followed by the Maiella group at 2793 meters. Both of these areas are now National Parks, and here you can still find some of the rarer wild animals such as il lupo (the wolf), l’orso bruno (the brown bear), la lince (the lynx), il camoscio (the chamois), la lontra (the otter), and l’aquila reale (the royal eagle). This wild region is a treasure trove of beautiful isolated abbeys which were built during the Middle Ages: I will always remember seeing the white church of San Clemente a Casauria with its wonderful portico, standing out against the dark foliage of the trees and the bright blue sky like an apparition in a fairy tale landscape.

The city of L’Aquila in the heart of the region contains many beautiful buildings (how many are still standing?), the most famous being the 14th century church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio with its orange and white facade, the open air fontana delle 99 cannelle (fountain of the 99 spouts), and the Castello which houses a National Museum. The day I visited the Museum, some musicians were playing live classical music in the courtyard thereby helping to enhance the magical atmosphere.

But Abruzzo it’s not only landscape and architecture, it is also the indigenous population, who are very friendly and welcoming. During my visit the friend with whom I was staying was working and had to go to her office every day, so I was immediately adopted by some friends of hers who had a bar, and who took it in turns to keep me company and take me off to explore the region. At the bar there was also a young waitress who was doing a course to become barmaid, which included making cocktails. As she had to practice a lot, and she also had to create her own cocktail for the final exam, I nobly volunteered as a guinea pig, and every evening I would savor a different beverage! But even if you are not fortunate enough to have a friend who is a barmaid, you can always enjoy drinking the excellent red wine Montepulciano d’Abruzzo, and if you’ve had too much to eat, it’s good to end the meal with the famous digestive liqueur Centerba, made from a 100 different medicinal herbs that grow on the Maiella mountains.

One thing that you shouldn’t miss if you visit Abruzzo is ‘i confetti di Sulmona’ (the confetti of Sulmona). Confetti in Italian are “sugar almonds” (not the bits of colored paper that I have seen thrown at weddings in England!), and the name comes from the Latin confectum, which is the same root of the English word “confectionary”. I confetti di Sulmona are famous all over Italy for their particular sweet flavor, and they are traditionally given to guests at weddings, christenings and first communions as a symbol of buon augurio (good luck).

Auguri Abruzzo.

Terremoto – Earthquake

Posted by Serena No Comments
Dec 29 2008

Terremoto: from the Latin Terrae-earth and Motus-movement or shaking.

 

In the late afternoon of 23rd December 2008 a deep rumbling vibration heralded the arrival of the latest terremoto to hit the Italian peninsula. The epicenter of the earthquake, measuring 5.1 on the Richter Scale, took place about 40-50 km from us at a depth of 26 kilometers underground in the region between Parma and Reggio Emilia. The fact that the epicenter was so deep meant that the shock waves were felt over a wide area. My neighbor’s mother, who is 83 and completely deaf, was sitting by the stove knitting. When the quake struck she put down her work looked up and exclaimed “Terremoto!”.

“Grande paura, gente in strada” (A big scare, folk out in the street) said the papers the following morning. Being the final run up to Christmas the shops in Parma were packed and there was, naturally, quite a bit of a panic when everything began to shake. Fortunately no one was injured and no serious damage was done.

There is, however, something extremely unsettling about an event like this because the realization dawns that terra ferma (stable ground) is not as stable as you would like to think. It also reminds us that Italia, being on the edge of the African continental plate, is a zona sismica (earthquake zone) and that the worst earthquake to take place in Europe happened a hundred years ago at 5.21 a.m. on the 28th December 1908 in the Stretto di Messina (Straits of Messina). The Terremoto di Messina measured 7.2 on the Richter scale and lasted between 30 and 40 seconds almost completely destroying Messina, located in Sicily, and Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland. The terremoto was followed by a maremoto (Tsunami), which swept 13m high waves against the coast causing further devastation. It is estimated that about 90% of the buildings in Messina were rasi al suolo (razed to the ground). This was partly due to the construction of the buildings themselves which, unlike those built more recently, were not made to withstand seismic shocks, and had heavy roofs, which tended to collapse comparatively easily. This, together with the magnitude of the quake and the fact that it took place in the early hours of the morning when most people were still in bed, accounts for the horrifying loss of life, an estimated 100,000 people.

The above is a photo of Messina after the earthquake

For a list of the main Italian earth quakes from 62 A.D. to the present day have a look at this link: Lista di Terremoto in Italia

To get an idea of how frequently earthquakes take place in Italy (two so far today, three yesterday!) and view maps of quake locations try this site: www.earthquake.it

 

I hope I haven’t put you off a tranquil visit to Italy!

Acqua Alta a Venezia

Posted by Serena 1 Comment
Dec 2 2008

On Monday this week acqua alta (high water) reached 156 cm above its normal level in Venezia, creating a lot of damage and discomfort to the city and its population. The whole of the lagoon was flooded and the passerelle (gangways), which are normally set up to allow people to walk on in the event of a flood, were floating. Shops and ground floor businesses were invaded by the murky water, and rubbish and other objects were washed away, while gondole and vaporetti (ferries) could not travel. There are some photos of the flood on this page of the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera.

This is not a very romantic image of Venezia, but it is reality, a reality that its citizens have to live with due to the unique nature of Venezia, which is built on a series of islands just above sea level. Because of its shape the Adriatic Sea, on the coast of which the city is located, is subject to greater sea tides than the rest of the Mediterranean. If we add to this the heavy rains of the past few days and the strong winds that drive the seawater inside the lagoon and prevent it from returning to the sea again, we get a very dramatic situation. There are also other factors, both natural and man-made, that contribute to the problem of the acqua alta, such as the fact that since 1897 (the year of the first official measurement) Venezia has sunk by 23 cm, and that the industrial area of Porto Marghera was built by reclaiming land from the sea. Originally Marghera was an area of very low islands, which allowed the water to flood over them, working like an expansion tank for the lagoon.

Theoretically these floods could be prevented by a pneumatic barrier system called MOSE (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), designed to isolate the lagoon from the sea in the event of a combination of an exceptionally high tide and extreme weather. However the works, which were begun in 2003 with a planned completion date of 2012, have been criticized by environmentalists because of the ecological impact that they are having on the wildlife of the lagoon. For more information about this project see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSE_Project

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