Posts tagged with "definite article"

Laethanta na Seachtaine i bhFrásaí le “Dé” (Days of the Week, with Pronunciation, in “Dé” Phrases)

Posted by róislín No Comments
Sep 27 2011

(le Róislín)

As alluded to in the previous blog, there are two main ways to refer to the days of the week in Irish.  One is when the day is the subject of the sentence, as in “Inniu an Luan” (Today is Monday).  The other form is preceded by the word “Dé” instead of the word “an” and is typically used to say “on Monday / Tuesday,” etc. 

Here are the seven weekday names in the “Dé” form:

Dé Domhnaigh [djay DOH-nee]

Dé Luain [djay LOO-in]

Dé Máirt [djay mawrtch]

Dé Céadaoin (or alternately, especially in Donegal, Dé Céadaoine) [djay KyAY-deen]

Déardaoin (no separate word “dé” since it’s already built in) [DjAYR-deen]

Dé hAoine [djay HEEN-yuh]

Dé Sathairn [djay SAH-hirzhn]

As you may have noticed, there are slight changes to the names, sometimes at the beginning, sometimes at the end, and sometimes internally.  That’s the way Irish works!  The changes are as follows:

Luan and Satharn: insert an “i” before the final consonant or consonant cluster.

Domhnach: insert an “i” as above, which causes the “ch” of “Domhnach” to change to “gh”

Máirt and Céadaoin: are no longer lenited.

Déardaoin: the preceding “an” is lost; no other change

Aoine: a lower-case “h” is prefixed

The pronunciation of the “Dé” element will vary slightly, according to how “slenderly” you pronounce your slender “d’s.”  Some people pronounce it almost like “jay,” transliterated as “djay.”  For other speakers, it’s more like the “d” you might hear in titles like “The Duke of York” or “The Duke of Atholl” but not in the “Dukes of Hazzard” or other American usages (like “The Duke” himself, of course).  You might say it’s about halfway between an American pronunciation of “day” and an American pronunciation of “jay.” 

This word “Dé” is from a now-archaic word in Irish, “dia,” meaning “day.”  The “Dé” form meant “on the day of.”  The curious part of all this, of course, is that this word for “day” is not at all related to the ordinary Irish word for day, “lá,” as in “Tá an lá go maith.”  So Irish has two words for “day.”  One, “lá” is uniquely Gaelic with parallels in Scottish Gaelic and Manx.  The other, “dia” or “dé,” with very limited application in Irish, is in fact a neat tie in to the word for “day” in many other European languages (dies, día, dydd, deiz, Tag, etc.) 

Alternately to all of this, one can say: ar an [on the] Luan, ar an Máirt (or ar an Mháirt, depending on dialect), ar an gCéadaoin (ar an Chéadaoin), etc.

Also, these days, we find statements like “Inniu Dé Luain” for “Today is Monday,” but this isn’t as traditional.

Sin é – cur síos ar an bhfocal “Dé.”  SGF – Róislín

Laethanta na Seachtaine (Days of the Week, in Irish, with pronunciation)

Posted by róislín 3 Comments
Sep 24 2011

(le Róislín)

And one more féilire-related topic: laethanta na seachtaine.  Which could also be called “laethe na seachtaine.”  Both plural forms of “lá” are widely used, “laethanta” and “laethe.”

You’ve already noticed the use of “an tuiseal ginideach” in this phrase, right?  That accounts for the “-e” ending to the word “seachtain.”  Since we’re saying “of the week,” not just “the week,” the common form “seachtain” undergoes a change for the genitive case (to “seachtaine”).  The definite article also changes from “an” to “na.”  That last change is quite systematic in Irish, and is also quite separate from the use of “na” for plural forms, which you’ve probably also seen.  Just to hammer that point home, what form of the definite article (“an” or “na”) would you use for the following phrases?  Freagraí thíos (A).

1) Raidió ____ Gaeltachta

2) doras ____ hoifige

3) Mí ____ Nollag

4) ____ Nollaig

5) ____  horduimhreacha

And now to na laethanta iad féin.  There are two main forms for each day, so this theme will take at least two blogs.  The forms in today’s blog are used for sentences like “Today is Monday” or “Monday is the first day of the work week.”  A separate blog will deal with the phrases that start with the word “Dé” as in “Dé Luain,” (on Monday) where an tuiseal ginideach is once again required, even though the phrase appears adverbial. 

As you can see from this list, some of the weekday names are masculine (like An Luan) and some are feminine (marked by lenition, or in the case of Aoine, marked by the lack of a prefixed “t-“).  Starting with Sunday:

An Domhnach [un DOH-nukh, with the “m” silent]

An Luan [un LOO-un]

An Mháirt [un wartch, with the “m” silent]

An Chéadaoin [un HyAY-deen, with the “c” silent and an initial “h” sound as in English “human” or the name Hugh / Huw, in other words, not like the “h” of “hat,” “hall,” or “hello.”]

An Déardaoin [un DjAYR-deen]

An Aoine [un EEN-yuh]

An Satharn [un SAH-hurn, with the “t” silent].

So, could you tell which of these are the feminine nouns, and which are masculine?  Freagraí thíos (B).

Sin é for the “an” forms.  Next time, the “Dé” forms.  But in case you thought this blog was quite short and sweet, you’ll see that the nótaí thíos are about as long as an blag é féin.  Vive la “footnote”!  Or should that be “le footnote”?  Oh, I guess it really should be “Vive la note en bas de page!”  But that doesn’t have quite the bilingual panache I was hoping for.  So maybe I should just stick to unadorned Irish.  “Fonótaí abú!”  Sásúil?  SGF, Róislín

Gluais do na freagraí: baininscneach (feminine), firinscneach (masculine)

Freagraí (A): 1) Raidió na Gaeltachta, 2) doras na hoifige, the door of the office, 3) Mí na Nollag, December, lit. the month of (the) Christmas, 4) An Nollaig, (the) Christmas, with the basic form of the definite article, “an,” since for this example, the word “Christmas” stands alone, not embedded in a possessive context like “Daidí na Nollag” or “Mí na Nollag,” 5) na horduimhreacha, the ordinal numbers, with “na” used here because the noun is plural, not because it’s in a possessive relationship to another noun.   

Freagraí (B):

Baininscneach: An Mháirt and An Chéadaoin, marked by lenition, and An Aoine, marked by the absence of a prefixed “t-“ before vowels.  How can something be marked grammatically by the absence of a letter?  Well, I guess it doesn’t happen in English, but remember the following basic nouns in Irish: an t-úll (masculine), an uimhir (feminine),      an t-oráiste (masculine), and an oifig (feminine).  The “t-“ in front of “úll” and “oráiste” marks these words as masculine, and the lack of a prefixed “t-“ in front of “uimhir” and “oifig” marks those words as feminine.  Why does this matter?  As with the Romance languages, adjectives in Irish agree with the noun in gender, so we need to know a noun’s gender in order to pair it up with an adjective.  Of course, in Irish this is mostly indicated by initial consonant change, not by alternate endings like the Spanish “-o” and “-a,” but the concept still applies – masculine noun, masculine adjective form; feminine noun, feminine adjective form. We also need to know a noun’s gender to create the correct possessive form.  And to deal with all of that would take way more than one blog, so for here, it’s just a heads-up for future topics. 

Firinscneach: An Domhnach, An Luan, An Déardaoin, An Satharn

Fonóta faoi na Freagraí: To be a little more beacht and to harken back to the word’s origin, we should remember that “Déardaoin” is actually variable.  Some speakers consider it feminine, which is logical enough, given that it is based on the word “Aoine,” which, as we saw above, is feminine.  “Aoine” is an old word for “fasting,” and “Déardaoin” means “the day between two fasts.”  Normally when various prefixed elements (here, the whole “déard-“ part) are added to a root noun, the noun retains the original gender, but not in this case, at least not by most modern standards.  But the variability of gender here does reflect the fact that the original root of this phrase (aoine) is feminine. 

The good news?  Since this day’s name happens to start with the consonant “d,” which resists lenition after “n,” in most cases it really won’t matter if the word is considered masculine or feminine – you still say “an Déardaoin.”  Gender would normally come into play if you wanted to say something like “Black Thursday,” (referring to October 24, 1929, a seminal day in the fall of Wall Street, which led to the Great Depression of the 1930s).  But even there, the same rule kicks in, “d” resisting lenition after “n” in the preceding word (which is why we say “An Danmhairg,” Denmark, a feminine noun, and “an deacracht,” the difficulty, also feminine, without changing the “d” to “dh”).  So we say “Déardaoin Dubh,” whether we consider the word “Déardaoin” to be masculine or feminine; in other words, we don’t use the usual feminine form, “dhubh”.

There aren’t too many other “Thursday” phrases that would be followed by adjectives, at least not that come readily to mind.  Hmm, how about “Sweet Thursday,” as in the John Steinbeck novel?  Well, Déardaoin Milis, if we stick with the masculine interpretation.  Déardaoin Mhilis, if we consider it feminine, but given that the novel is in English, and there’s no Irish translation, fad m’eolais, it’s a bit of a moot point. 

“Thursday Next,” as in the Jasper Fforde novels, is a character name, so even if we translated Fforde’s works into Irish, the character name would likely stay the same as in English.  Especially since in Irish the idea of “next” (in time) takes three words (an __ seo chugainn), so it would be a bit awkward as a character name (An Déardaoin Seo Chugainn).  A bit like being named “Moon Unit,” perhaps, although she seems to have adjusted just fine. 

Other “next” possibilities?  Equally problematic: An Chéad Déardaoin Eile (next Thursday, in sequence, not in time).  Not likely for a character name, and not really a characteristic usage in Irish.  For normal Irish adverbial use, “an Déardaoin dar gcionn” would be more typical (next, i.e. the following Thursday).  

The next (nearest in distance) Thursday: An Déardaoin Is Neasa, but that is a fairly improbable form, unless the character “Thursday” got cloned and a group of identical Thursdays was standing in line, one being nearest to you.  Bottom line, though, is even if someone wanted to use any of these possible forms, they still wouldn’t clarify the gender issue for “Déardaoin.”  “Seo” doesn’t change for gender and nor would “eile” since it starts with a vowel (not-lenitable).  Nor would “Is Neasa” since it starts with a vowel and the first word of that phrase  is actually a verb (“is”).  And verbs in Irish don’t have gender!  Unless they are ainmfhocail bhriathartha, but that is definitely “scéal eile.”  So, returning to the crux of the issue, “Déardaoin” is considered masculine according to the modern standard, and most other uses in which it would possibly occur are unlikely to shed any further light on the topic because of the chance spellings of the words that would follow.  So we’ll leave it as firinscneach. 

Anyway, now I’ll have to go hunt up whether Fforde or the Steinbeck novel have been translated into Irish and if a translator has already pondered these issues, but my hunch is “neamhdhóchúil” (unlikely).   Deireadh na nótaí, faoi dheireadh!

Logainmneacha le “an” agus Guta (a, e, i, o, u): An Afraic, An Aird Mhóir, srl.

Posted by róislín No Comments
Jul 30 2011

(le Róislín)

The last major segment of this logainmneacha series will deal with place names that have the definite article “an” and where the actual place names starts with a vowel.  So far, for a quick review, we’ve seen samplaí of the various other combinations, like:

i (ins) + an + consan: An Ghearmáin, sa Ghearmáin (with lenition); An Rúis, sa Rúis (not lenitable)

i + consan: Conamara, i gConamara (with eclipsis)

i + -n + guta: in Uachtar Ard, in Osló (with “eclipsis” of vowel by attaching “-n” to “i”)

i (ins) + na + consan: sna Stáit Aontaithe, sna Forbacha (no initial change)

i (ins) + na + guta: sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha (h prefixed before vowel), sna hEochracha

In this blog, we’ll deal with place names like “An Ostair” and “An Ungáir.”  And the good news is we’ve seen most of the pattern unfolding already. 

Let’s start with some international examples:

An Afraic, Africa; san Afraic, in Africa

We’ve added “ins” to the “an” giving us the shortened version, “san;” the final ‘n” is retained before vowels.

And continuing with different vowels:

An Éigipt, san Éigipt

An Íoslainn, san Íoslainn

An Ostair, san Ostair (the vowel combination “au” is virtually unknown in Irish, so it’s not surprising that the spelling of “Austria” has changed)

An Ungáir, san Ungáir (remember, very few Irish words actually start with “h” so it’s not surprising that “Hungary” starts with a vowel in Irish)

And for some Irish samples:

An Aird Mhóir, san Aird Mhóir (i gContae na Gaillimhe; this place name is in contrast to other variations of the name without the definite article, like Aird Mhóir, i gContae Phort Láirge, for which we would just say “in Aird Mhóir”)

An Eaglais, san Eaglais (examples of this as a place name can be found in ten counties; since “eaglais” is also the basic word for “church,” only the capitalization and context clarifies when it is being used as a logainm)

An Imleach, san Imleach (i gContae Chiarraí)

An Ómaigh, san Ómaigh (i gContae Thír Eoghain)

An Uaimh, san Uaimh (i gContae na Mí)

Agus na hainmneacha sin i mBéarla:  Ardmore, Aglish or Eglish, Emlagh, Omagh, Navan (note how the initial “n” of “Navan” actually comes from the final “n” of “an”).  You can see that the initial vowel, or initial letters in general, aren’t necessarily the same once the word is anglicized. 

So that now covers the main aspects of how to say “in” plus a place name in Irish.  Basically, you’re dealing with i, in, sa, san, or sna, just like you would with generic nouns (i mbosca, in uisce, sa bhosca, san uisce, sna boscaí, sna huiscí).  Of course there are still a few more arenas that could be covered, like living “ar an gCnoc” or “ar an gCeathrú Rua” and the interesting general phrase “faoin tuath,” but those might wait a while, since we should return to our seanchairde, the 5th-declension nouns, one of these days. 

By the way, you might be wondering what’s with the “log-“ part of “logainmneacha.”  Why not just use some form of the word “áit,” the most basic word for “place,” if we’re going to say “place names?”  Well, I didn’t create the system, but can simply say that the word “log” exists on its own in Irish, meaning “place” or “hollow place” or, depending on context, “socket,” as in “log súile” or “well” as in “log staighre,” a stair well (not a “tobar” and not the interjection “bhuel”).  However, as a word for “place,” “log” is considered literary, and the more familiar “áit” would be used for questions or phrases like “Cén áit?” or “muintir na háite.”

All of which makes me wish there was an Irish version of “Cén áit sa domhan a bhfuil Carmen Sandiego?”  If there is, I haven’t been able to track it down.  Leid r b ó dhuine r b?  Next up, perhaps a few waifs and strays of place name lore, well, really place name grammar practice, but “lore” makes it sound more appealing.  And then back to na díochlaontaí.  SGF, ó Róislín

Logainmneacha a Thosaíonn le Gutaí (a, e, i, o, u) agus “in”

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Jul 19 2011

(le Róislín)

Our last blog dealt with places names like Ceanada and Cúba, which take “urú,” and additional place names like Meicsiceo or Sasana, which are not subject to “urú” because of the letters they happen to start with. 

As you may recall, the “urú” examples work like this:

Tá sé ina chónaí i gCeanada. 

Tá mé ar saoire i bhFidsí.

If the first letter happens not to take “urú,” then, as, for example, the letters “m” and “s,” there’s no change at all (for a change!):

Phéinteáil Diego Rivera múrmhaisithe i Meiriceá (sna cathracha Detroit, Nua-Eabhrac, agus San Francisco) agus i Meicsiceo (sna cathracha Cathair Mheicsiceo agus Cuernavaca, agus sa bhaile Chapingo). 

Or, for some shorter examples,

Tá mé i mo chónaí i Meicsiceo. 

Tá mé i mo chónaí i Moscó. 

Or, to break from always saying where someone lives,

Tá Saskatoon i Saskatchewan. 

For the rest of this blog, we’ll deal with place names that happen to begin with vowels and which do not use the definite article (i.e., not An Astráil, An Éigipt, srl., which will have to wait till we deal with place names including the word “the”).

Good news?  Place names beginning with vowels are pretty straightforward.  Our preposition “i” changes to “in,” making it look more like the English word “in.”  No harm there, though it’s important to remember that the basic form is still just the single letter“i.”  As mentioned in an earlier blog, these phrases used to be written with the “n” attached to the following word, like “i nAmstardam” or “i nÉirinn,” but that is no longer the norm. 

Here are some examples, again with a little breakaway from the “Tá mé i mo chónaí” pattern.  Italics are used here to draw attention to the place name usage.

Tá teach Anne Frank in Amstardam.

Labhraíonn cuid de na daoine in Eacuadór Ceatsuais. 

Rugadh Bob Marley in Iamáice.

Osclaíodh Músaem Kon-Tiki in Osló sa bhliain 1949; bhí an turas é féin sa bhliain 1947.

Tugtar “Irish” ar na prátaí bána a itear in Uganda chun iad a idirdhealú ó ionaim; bíonn na prátaí bána “Irish” seo níos costasaí ná na hionaim.  Má amharcann tú ar an Idirlíon, feicfidh tú a lán tagairtí do théarmaí mar “Uganda’s Irish Potato Sector,” “Irish Potato Sales”in Uganda, agus “Irish Potato Growing Districts” in Uganda.

Closer to home, for the Irish, we could also practice the preposition “in” in front of vowels using the following place names.  Aistriúcháin thíos.

1)Tá cónaí ar “Niseag” in Albain, de réir traidisiúin.

2) Tá “Mucky” ina c(h)ónaí in Éirinn, i Loch Mhucrois i gContae Chiarraí (de réir traidisiúin, arís).  Inscne Mucky, duine ar bith?  *Criptea-ainmhí baineann?  Fireann?  Ina cónaí?  Ina chónaí?

3) Tá ceanncheathrú Chumann Surfála na hÉireann in Iascaigh, i gContae Shligigh.

4) Cé mhéad acra atá in Ocht nAcra is Ochtó (ainm baile fearainn in aice le Baile Átha Buí i gContae na Mí)?  Ocht n-acra is ochtó, is dócha.   (Note the punctuation difference?  Proper noun “nA” vs. generic noun “n-a.”  The wonders of punctuation never cease!)

5) Cuireadh Michael Furey, carachtar ó “The Dead,” gearrscéal de chuid James Joyce, in Uachtar Ard, Co. na Gaillimhe, de réir an scéil.

Can you figure out what place names are involved here?  Freagraí thíos:

a. in Eochaill, Contae Chorcaí

b. in Iostanbúl, An Tuirc

c. in Úlla, Contae Luimnigh

d. in Órán Mór, Contae na Gaillimhe.  Ar an ábhar sin, an bhfuil a fhios ag duine ar bith ar an liosta ar osclaíodh an stáisiún traenach sa bhaile seo mar a bhí beartaithe don bhliain 2011?  Más amhlaidh gur osclaíodh, hurá d’iompar poiblí!

e. in Aird Mhór, Co. Phort Láirge (as opposed to various similarly named places like “An Aird Mhóir” and “An tArd Mór,” which will have to wait for the blog for place names with the definite article; residents of Pennsylvania and Oklahoma can be on the ready for the Irish-language namesake of their hometowns.)

Gluais: ábhar, subject, topic; beartaithe, decided; ceanncheathrú, headquarters; costasach, costly, expensive; cuireadh, was buried; de réir, according to; gearrscéal, short story; idirdhealú, to distinguish; iompar, transportation, transit, also “carrying” in general; ionam, yam; itear, are eaten; más amhlaidh, if so, if thus; múrmhaisiú, mural; osclaíodh, was opened; saoire, holiday; tagairt, reference

Ainmneacha na gcriptea-ainmhithe: Niseag, Nessie [Gaeilge na hAlban, ach cóngarach go leor, is dócha]; Mucky, earc uisce Loch Mhucrois.  N.B.: criptea- = crypto-.  Ní bhfuair mé aon Ghaeilge ar “cryptid” in aon áit.  Mar sin, d’úsáid mé “criptea-ainmhí.”  Sásúil go leor, is dócha.

Aistriúcháin: 1) in Scotland [for Albain, say “AHL-uh-bin,” three syllables]; 2) in Ireland; 3) in Easkey; 4) in Eightyeight Acres [sic]; 5) in Oughterard [pronounced a lot like the Irish, Uachtar Ard, [OO-ukh-tur AWRD], but the anglicized spelling glides the first two syllables closer together, more like “awkh”]

Freagraí: a) Youghal, Co. Cork; b) Istanbul, Turkey; c) Oola, Co. Limerick; d) Oranmore, Co. Galway; e) Ardmore, Co. Waterford

Logainmneacha Eile: Urú agus Ainmneacha gan “An”

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Jul 15 2011

(le Róislín)

Here are some more possibilities for saying where you live, according to country, to follow up on the flurry of interest after the recent “ghost-town” blog (an blag faoin scáilbhaile).  This blog will just deal with ainmneacha tíortha that don’t include the definite article, like Ceanada, Meicsiceo, Sasana, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá.  Irish, unlike English, does use the definite article with many, though not all, country names (An Bheilg, An tSile, An Bhreatain Bheag, Na Stáit Aontaithe (if leaving out the “Mheiriceá” part), srl., but  that will be ábhar blag eile. 

For place names that don’t include the definite article, Ceanada, mar shampla, we apply urú (eclipsis), i gCeanada, m. sh.).   Of course, certain consonants are not subject to eclipsis, so in those cases, there is no change to the initial consonant (i Vítneam, i Singeapór, srl.)

Although this blog mostly discusses countries as such, for a few examples I’ve used territories, cities, or other geographic subdivisions.

Here are some more examples of saying “in + place name” when there’s no definite article, with a rough pronunciation guide in brackets:

Tá mé i mo chónaí i mBuircíne Fasó. [i-MURK-een-yuh fah-soh, silent “B”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i gCúba. [i-GOO-buh, silent “C”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i nDoiminice.  [in-IM-in-ik-yuh, silent “D”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i bhFidsí. [iv-ID-shee, silent “F”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i nGána. [ing-AW-nuh, “n+g” run together as in “singing”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i bParagua. [ib-AHR-uh-goo-uh, silent “P”]

Tá mé i mo chónaí i dTaihítí (cuid de Pholainéis na Fraince). [id-ah-HEE-tchee, silent “T”] 

I’m not sure if we’ll have many léitheoirí from any of those places.  They’re a little far afield from eipealár ghluaiseacht na Gaeilge, but in this era of cibearGhaeltachtaí, one never knows.  Why aren’t places like France or Germany represented more prominently here, you might wonder?  It’s a matter of linguistic convention.  Most of the larger European countries, as well as the more traditional-style place names globally, use the definite article (An Fhrainc, An Ghearmáin, An tSín, srl.) and that causes a different sound change (séimhiú), best handled, I think, i mblag eile (in another blog). 

As you may have noticed, the following consonants are omitted from the group above, since they wouldn’t take eclipsis anyway: h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, v, w, x, y, z. 

There are actually more consonants that aren’t affected by urú than consonants that are affected by it, but some of these exceptions (j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z) are pretty rare in Irish.  They are even rarer for country names, since most possible examples get gaelicized and start with a different letter (Jamaica, for example, becomes “Iamáice” and Zimbabwe becomes “An tSiombáib”).  So, to wrap up, here is an assortment of countries, regions, cities, and other geographical entities that undergo no change to the initial consonant after the word “i”: i Háítí, i Jammu, i Meicsiceo, i Sainsibeár (oileán, iarshabhdánacht, srl.), i Sasana, i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, i Xenia (cathair in Ohio), agus i Zelienople (buirg i bPennsylvania).

Still to come (ábhar blag eile, or perhaps, ábhar blaganna eile), place names with the definite article (An Astráil, An tSile, srl.) and place names starting with gutaí, since you may have noticed that the latter aren’t represented here at all yet.  The place names starting with vowels do involve eclipsis, but in a sort of, hmm, transplanted way, since the “n-“ showing eclipsis of a vowel actually gets tacked onto the preceding “i.”  Like I said, “ábhar blag eile.  But it may sound more complicated when described than it is in practice, since many have you have probably already been using phrases that exemplify this,  like “in Éirinn” or “in Albain,” since you started Irish.  These often used to be written as “i nÉirinn” and “i nAlbain,” showing the eclipsis more clearly, but this isn’t the typical practice today.   

Any takers for na háiteanna seo a leanas?  Which ones requires an initial change to say “in + place name” and which ones don’t?  An bhfuil tú i do chónaí i gceann de na háiteanna sin?  Live there?  N.B. This first batch is a mixture of cities and countries.  Freagraí thíos.

Búcairist?  Lucsamburg?  Camarún?  Monacó?  Málta?  Páras?  Nasaireit? 

And to throw in a few back in Éirinn:

Gaillimh?  Baile Átha Cliath?  Port Láirge?  Loch Garman?  Muiceanach idir Dhá Sháile?

Sin é don bhlag seo, sgf, or maybe I should now try out “slán@@,” for those who like bilingual puzzlers.  I guess the monolingual version would just be “slán@.”– Róislín

Freagraí: i mBúcairist, i Lucsamburg, i gCamarún, i Monacó, i Málta, i bPáras, i Nasaireit

Áiteanna in Éirinn: i nGaillimh, i mBaile Átha Cliath, i bPort Láirge, i Loch Garman, i Muiceanach idir Dhá Sháile

And in case there’s any doubt as to what these places are in English: Bucharest, Luxembourg, Cameroon, Monaco, Malta, Paris, Nazareth, Galway, Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, and, last, but far from least, Muckanaghederdauhaulia

P.S. An Cúigiú Díochlaonadh, coming back one of these days.  “Ar sos.”

 

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