German Blog

The grammatical genders of German nouns seem to be a pain in the neck for most foreign learners of German. Therefore, I would like to give you some hints whether a particular noun can be masculine, feminine or neuter in German. Subsequent to my two previous posts I will continue with masculine German nouns.

In my two last posts you learned that all nouns are masculine, which match the following features. German nouns are masculine when they denote:

a)    Winds, precipitation, weather phenomena

Whenever you will talk about the weather you can be sure that the nouns you would like to use in your speech are masculine.

Exceptions are: das Wetter – weather / die Brise – breeze / das Gewitter – thunderstorm

b) The following five nouns that end with “–ee”

der Kaffee – coffee

der Tee – tea

der See – lake

der Schnee – snow

der Klee – clover

Please note well that the German word “See” can also refer to the ‘sea’, but only when you replace the article “der” with “die”. Hence, “der See” means “the lake” and “die See” means “the sea”, for example: die Ostsee = the Baltic Sea; die Nordsee = the North Sea.

b)   Brand names of cars and types of trains

Brand names of cars and types of train are usually masculine, regardless whether you are talking about German cars and trains or foreign ones.

c)    Names for currencies

The majority of the world’s currencies are masculine in German.

Exceptions are: die Mark – mark / die Krone – krone / die Rupie – rupee / die Lira – lira

To be continued…

Learners of German often complain about the language’s three grammatical genders and their appropriate articles because it seems to be a torture to learn nouns and their associated grammatical genders. Therefore, I decided to address myself to this topic and give you some guidelines how you can match the correct gender and/or article to a particular noun.

First of all, you should be aware of the fact that not the object, which is denoted by a particular word, has a gender, but ONLY THE WORD! For example, nouns that refer to items of furniture like ‘chair’ (der Stuhl) and ‘armchair’ (der Sessel) are masculine in German. Other items of furniture like ‘lamp’ (die Lampe) and ‘couch’ (die Couch) are feminine. And still other pieces are neuter, for example, ‘sofa’ (das Sofa) and ‘shelf’ (das Regal).

You have probably recognized that ‘sofa’ and ‘couch’ are two different words that denote the same object. The only difference is that the word ‘sofa’ is neuter in German and the word ‘couch’ is feminine. Consequently, you cannot simply attach any male, female or neuter features to objects! Anyway, let’s have a look what nouns are masculine in German.

a) Living Beings

First of all, all nouns that denote male living beings (humans and animals) are masculine.

* A ‘girl’ is, of course, female but as said above, the word itself determines whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus, all German nouns that contain the minimization ending –chen are ALWAYS NEUTER.

b) Male occupations

Nouns that denote male occupations are masculine.

As you can see when you want to form the female form of an occupation you simply have to add the ending –in to the masculine form of the noun and replace ‘der’ with ‘die’. Sometimes the main vowel of a word will be converted into an umlaut, for example, Arzt -> Ärztin, Koch -> Köchin. This grammatical feature has not been “invented” in order to confuse foreign learners of German. Actually, this has something to do with the simplification of pronunciation. You should note well that speech sounds influence each other and that they determine how their adjacent sounds are realized or can be realized. For example, the word “Koch” is realized with a hard ch-sound because it is virtually impossible to pronounce it with a soft ch-Sound. When the ending –in is added to the word ‘Koch’ the hard ch-sounds automatically changes to a soft ch-sound because it is much easier to utter the syllable ‘chin’ with a soft ch-sound. In order to ensure to maintain this simpler pronunciation of ‘chin’ the ‘o’ has to be transformed into an ‘ö’. In other words, our speech organs can realize many single speech sounds but when we combine these sounds to form words the sounds themselves restrict our speech organs what other sounds we can realize in a particular phonemic environment.

Result: The grammatical gender of a word has nothing to do with the ‘gender’ of the objects or subjects it denotes. The object itself is usually genderless. Nevertheless, all German nouns that refer to male humans or male occupations and male animals are always masculine in German.

Last but not least: You are probably aware of the fact that there are much more rules. I will discuss them in my upcoming post. I am also planning to write such thorough posts on feminine and neuter nouns.

To be continued…