Posts written by Sandra Rösner

Wie leicht es doch ist einen Text mit Hilfe eine Wörterbuches zu übersetzten. Aber wie sieht die Sache aus, wenn man fürs Übersetzen nur seinen Kopf benutzen darf? Der zweiten Variante muss ich mich nächste Woche stellen. Somit ist dies hier, ein ziemlich persönlicher Post.

Bei Sprache geht es nicht darum, jene Wörter zu nutzen, die der Empfänger einer Nachricht gerne hören möchte. Bei Sprache geht es darum einen Gedanken oder eine Information sprachlich so zu verpacken, dass es dem Empfänger ermöglicht wird die Nachricht zu entschlüsseln und schlussendlich auch zu verstehen.

Mir ist aufgefallen, dass einige Leute mit vorgegebenen Übersetzungen meist nicht einverstanden sind. Das ist auch gut zu, denn Sprachgebrauch ist immer individuell. Der Punkt ist, dass jeder Einzelne ein individuelles Repertoire an sprachlichem Wissen besitzt. Dass heißt, jeder sucht sich die Wörter, Phrasen und Satzstrukturen heraus, die ihm am zugänglichsten sind.

Diese Tatsache fällt mir besonders auf, wenn es darum geht die Gedanken eines anderen zu übersetzten. Texte, die ich selbst auf Deutsch verfasse, fallen mir leichter ins Englische zu übersetzen als jene von anderen.

Nächste Woche geht es für mich darum, die Gedanken eines anderen zu entschlüsseln, zu verstehen und so ins Englische umzuformen, so dass es schön klingt, ohne ein Zweisprachiges Wörterbuch. Meine einzigen Begleiter werden das „Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary“ sein und „Wahrigs Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache“.

In Vorbereitung auf meine Prüfung, kann ich Euch nur den Tipp geben: Wenn ihr etwas übersetzen sollt, versucht nicht Wort für Wort zu übersetzen, sondern versucht den Zusammenhang des Textes zu verstehen. Also, hängt nicht wahllos irgendwelche Wörter aneinander, sondern erstellt einen neuen Text, der genau den Inhalt des Originaltextes wiedergibt.

 

 

How easy it is to translate a text with the help of a dictionary. But how are things when you are only allowed to use your brain for your translation? I have to face the latter next week. Thus, this is a fairly personal post.

Language is not about using those words a receiver of a message would like to hear. Language is about to put a thought or some kind information in words that enable the receiver of the message to decode this message, and, eventually, understand it.

I have recognized that some people do mostly not agree with given translations. This is good because language use is always individual. The point is that each individual has an individuell repertoire of linguistic knowledge at his or her disposal. That is, everybody is picking those words, phrases, and sentence constructions that are most accessible to him or her.

This fact becomes especially apparent to me when it comes to translating the thoughts of someone else. Texts which I compose myself in German are easier for me to translate into English than those from others.

Next week I have to decode, understand, and transform someone else’s thoughts into English, in such a way that it sounds nice, without a bilingual dictionary. My only companions will be “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” and “Wahrigs Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache” (Wahrig’s Dictionary of the German Language).

In preparation for my examination I would like to give you some tips: When you have to translate a text do not translate word by word, but try to understand the context. SO, do not arbitrarily link link words together but create a new text that conveys the meaning of the original text.

After we have hashed and rehashed feminine nouns in the last three posts, we finally come to an end of this topic. Remember that all nouns are feminine that refer to:

- female human beings (Mutter-mother; Frau-woman, wife; Tochter-daughter; the only exception is “Mädchen”-girl, which is neuter because of the syllable –chen)

- female occupations (Polizistin-police woman; Köchin-female cook; Lehrerin-female teacher, etc.)

- some names of animal species (Auster-oyster; Schnecke-snail; Fliege-fly; Raupe-caterpillar, etc.)

- many trees, fruits, and flowers (Buche-beech; Eiche-oak tree; Kirsche-cherry; Erdbeere-strawberry; Rose-rose; Tulpe-tulip)

- most bi-syllabic nouns that end with –e (Bitte-request; Lage-situation, location; Rache-revenge; Schule-school; Liebe-love; Tasse-cup; Tüte-bag)

- most names for rivers in Germany (Fulda; Oder; Havel; Donau-Danube; Mosel; Isar, etc.)

- names of ships, airplanes, and motorcycles (Titanic; Gorck Fock; Concorde; Boeing; BMW; Harley Davidson, etc. – Keep in mind that cars are usually masculine, so when you want to refer to car of the brand BMW it is “der BMW” when you talk of a car, and “die BMW” when you talk of a motorcycle.)

 

Below you find a list with noun endings that usually require the feminine gender. Most of these nouns are loan words from Latin and can also be found in other languages as well.

 

-a: die Aula – assembly halldie Kamera – camera

die Hazienda – hacienda

-ade: die Ballade – balladdie Fassade – storefront; façade

die Schokolade – chocolate

die Marmelade – jam

die Olympiade – Olympics; Olympiad

-age: die Etage – floordie Garage – garage

die Montage – assembling; fitting; installation; montage

die Courage – courage

-anz: die Allianz – alliancedie Arroganz – arrogance

die Toleranz – tolerance

die Ignoranz – ignorance

die Bilanz – balance

-elle: die Bagatelle – trifle; bagatelledie Frikadelle – meatball

die Zitadelle – bastille; citadel

die Schattenmorelle – morello cherry

-enz: die Audienz – audience (with the Pope)die Existent – existence

die Frequenz – frequency

die Konseqenz – consequence

die Lizenz – license

die Prominenz – notables; VIPs; celebrity

die Intelligenz – intelligence

-ie: die Akademie – academydie Biologie – biology

die Chemie – chemistry

die Garantie – guarantee

die Geografie – geography

die Kalorie – calorie

die Kolonie – colony; settlement

die Lotterie – lottery

die Magie – magic

die Melodie – melody

die Orthografie – orthography

die Philosophie – philosophy

die Folie – foil; transparency

die Fuchsie – fuchsia

die Historie – history

die Kastanie – chestnut

doe Komödie – comedy

die Materie – (subject) matter

-ik: die Botanik – botanydie Klassik – classicism; classical (period/literature/music/age)

die Mathematik – mathematics

die Technik – engineering; technology; technique

die Musik – music

die Politik – politics

die Physik – physics

-ine: die Blondine – blondedie Margarine – margarine

die Maschine – machine

die Goldmine – gold mine

-ion: die Explosion – explosion; blastdie Eskalation – escalation

die Kalkulation – calculation

die Nation – nation

die Präposition – preposition

die Qualifikation – qualification

-isse: die Hornisse – hornetdie Narzisse – narcissus

die Prämisse – premise

die Kulisse – backdrop; setting; scenery

die Diakonisse – deaconess

die Abszisse – abscissa; x-coordinate

-itis: die Arthritis – arthritisdie Bronchitis – bronchitis

die Rachitis – rickets; rachitis

-sive: die Defensive – defensedie Offensive – offensive
-tive: die Alternative – choice; option; alternativedie Direktive – directive

die Exekutive – executive (branch)

die Initiative – initiative

die Judikative – judiciary

die Legislative – legislative

-ose: die Dextrose – dextrosedie Neurose – neurosis

die Psychose – psychosis

die Sklerose – sclerosis

die Tuberkulose – tuberculosis

-tät: die Identität – identitydie Banalität – triteness; banality

die Fakultät – faculty

die Kapazität – capacity

die Loyalität – loyality

die Mobilität – mobility

die Pietät – piety

die Qualität – quality

die Quantität – quantity

die Rarität – rarity; curiosity

die Realität – reality

die Universität – university

-thek: die Bibliothek – librarydie Diskothek – discotheque

die Videothek – video (rental) store;

-sur: die Klausur – written examdie Zensur – grade; censorship

die Mensur – students’ duel

-tur: die Fraktur – fracturedie Kultur – culture

die Literatur – literature

die Manufaktur – manufacture

die Natur – nature

die Temperatur – temperature

die Tortur – torture

-üre: die Broschüre – brochure; leafletdie Bordüre – border; trim

die Pediküre – pedicure

die Maniküre – manicure

die Lektüre – reading (matter)

-ei: die Bücherei – library; also: book storedie Bäckerei – bakery

die Fleischerei – butchery

die Lauferei – legwork; walking; running

die Malerei – painting

die Metzgerei – butchery

-heit: die Entschlossenheit – determinationdie Freiheit – freedom

die Gelegenheit – opportunity; chance

die Kindheit – childhood

die Krankheit – disease

die Feigheit – cowardice

-in: die Mandantin – client (fem)die Kundin – customer (fem)die Patientin – patient (fem)
-keit: die Tapferkeit – fortitude; braverydie Heiterkeit – mirth; cheerfulness; joviality

die Feuchtigkeit – moisture; humidity

die Dankbarkeit – gratitude; appreciation; gratefulness; thankfulness

die Freundlichkeit – kindness

die Fähigkeit – ability

-schaft: die Freundschaft – friendshipdie Gesellschaft – society; company (in Gesellschaft = in company)

die Kundschaft – clientele; customers

die Nachbarschaft – neighborhood

-ung: die Achtung – attentiondie Bildung – education; formation

die Heizung – heating

die Kündigung – dismissal; termination; notice

die Lösung – solution; resolution; answer

die Reinigung – purification; cleansing; dry cleaner

die Richtung – direction

 

Why are some nouns in German masculine, others feminine, and still others neuter? I am probably not the only one who is asking this question. And to make things worse: there isn’t any logical explanation for that. I pondered over that question quite a long time to give you, at least, a more or less satisfactory answer.

I think you can only understand the right to exist of different gendered nouns when you see the German language in a greater context. Remember that the German language modifies nouns according to grammar cases (nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative). These modifications predominately manifest in the parts of speech (articles, pronouns, etc.) that precede nouns rather than in any particular case ending of the noun itself (except for the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns). These cases endings are consistent and are to be found in all parts of speech. For example, nominative “die Frau” (woman) has the genitive case ending –r: der Frau (of the woman), meiner Frau (of my wife), etc. What I want to say is that these case endings are nothing else than a kind of simplification of the speech flow. It is indeed more strenuous to utter, for example, ‘des Fraus’ or ‘meines Fraus’. That is, every language has underlying rules that determine how sounds have to be combined to form words and phrases. Consequently, all German case endings are simply the outcome of language use or applied speech, so to speak. Anyway, let’s start with today’s lesson on feminine nouns and how you can detect them.

 

a) Names of rivers

Most nouns that denote rivers are feminine in German.

die Alster – Alster 

die Donau – Danube

die Elbe – Elbe

die Ems – Ems

die Fulda – Fulda

die Havel – Havel

die Isar – Isar 

die Mosel – Mosel

die Neiße – Neisse

die Oder – Oder

die Weser – Weser

die Wolga – Volga

b) Names of ships, airplanes, and motorcycles

 

 

 

die MS Bremen (Wikipedia)

 

 

die Titanic (Wikipedia)

 

 

die Gorch Fock (WIkipedia)

 

die Bismarck (German Federal Archive; WIkipedia)

 

die Cessna (patcloud dancer; Wikipedia)

 

die Concorde (Wikipedia)

 

die Dornier (Jürgen Lehle; Wikipedia)

 

die Boeing (Wikipedia)

 

die Harley Davidson (©-Achim-Raschka-Wikimedia-Commons-CC-BY-SA-3.0)

 

die Kawasaki (Wikipedia)

 

 

die Honda (Rich Niewiroski Jr.; Wikipedia)

 

die BMW (Lothar Spurzem; Wikipedia)

Last time is was said that all those nouns are feminine, which refer to female humans (die Mutter-mother; die Tante-aunt), female animals (die Stute-mare; die Sau-sow), and female occupations (die Ärztin-phyisician; die Friseurin-haidresser). Let’s have a look now, which nouns are also commonly feminine in German.

 

a) Some names of animal species

die Auster – oysterdie Larve – larva

die Muschel – shell

die Schnecke – snail

die Fliege – flydie Made – maggot

die Raupe – caterpillar

die Ziege – goat

 

b) Names of trees, fruits, and flowers

A lot of tree names, fruit names, and flower names are feminine in German

die Buche – beechdie Eiche – oak tree

die Eibe – yew

die Fichte – spruce

die Kastanie – chestnut

die Kiefer* – pine tree

die Lärche – larch

die Linde – lime tree

die Palme – palm tree

die Tanne – fir

die Ulme – elm

die Ananas – pineapple

die Birne – peardie Kirsche – cherry

die Erdbeere – strawberry

die Banane – banana

die Kiwi – kiwi fruit

die Orange – orange

die Rose – rose

die Aster – aster

die Dahlie – dahlia

die Orchidee – orchid

die Nelke – carnation

die Narzisse – narcissus

 

* This is a so called homonym. That is, this word denoted two completely different things. When you use “Kiefer” with the article “die” you talk about a pine tree, but when you use “Kiefer” with the article “der” you talk about a jawbone.

 

Exceptions are: der Ahorn – maple / der Apfel – apple / der Pfirsich – peach / der Mohn – poppy / der Flieder – lilac / das Vergissmeinnicht – forget-me-not / das Maiglöckchen – lily of the valley / das Veilchen – violet / das Stiefmütterchen – pansy

 

Remember that words, which end with –el and –ich, like in “Apfel” and “Pfirsich”, are masculine in German.

 

c) Most bi-syllabic nouns that end with –e

Most words that have two syllables and end with an –e are usually feminine in German.

die Bitte – requestdie Lage – location, position, situation

die Mappe – portfolio, briefcase

die Schule – school

die Tonne – barrel

die Blume – flower

die Lampe – lamp

die Masche – ploy, stitch

die Sense – scythe

die Treppe – stairs

die Nase – nose

die Sprache – language

die Tüte – bag

die Leine – leash, corddie Rache – revenge

die Straße – street

die Stufe – step

die Gasse – alley

die Liebe – love

die Rede – speech

die Tasche – bag

die Wanne – tub

die Grenze – border

die Liege – lounger

die Säge – saw

die Tasse – cup

 

Exceptions are: der Junge – boy (because it refers to a male person); der Löwe – lion (because most animal species have a masculine form); das Auge – eye; das Ende – end.

 

Suggestion: I think it could be very supportive when you internalize the rules above in connection with learning all nouns that are new to you, regardless whether you will use them because you would remember the rules easier when you have some examples at hand.

 

To be continued…

Learning German nouns seems to be quite annoying for foreign learners of German because of the three grammatical genders that German nouns can have. In my previous four posts I thoroughly discussed masculine nouns, and in this post I would like to begin with feminine nouns

 

a) Nouns that denote female humans, female animals, and female occupations

Just like masculine nouns denote male humans, male animals, and male occupations, feminine nouns do, first of all, denote female humans, animals, and occupations or positions.

 

Ferminine/female nouns Masculine/male nouns
die Frau – woman 

die Mutter – mother

die Tante – aunt

die Großmutter – grandmother

die Tochter – daughter

die Dame – lady

die Freundin – female friend

die Cousine – female cousine

die Enkelin/Enkeltochter – granddaughter

die Nichte – niece

die Uroma – great-grandma

die Häsin – female hare*

die Henne – hen***

die Hirschkuh – hind*

die Hündin – female dog*

die Katze – (female) cat**

die Kuh – cow

die Löwin – female lion*

die Sau – sow (female pig)***

die Stute – mare (female horse)***

die Angestellte

dei Direktorin

die Lehrerin

die Putzfrau****

die Anwältin

die Flugbegleiterin

die Leiterin

die Rechtsanwältin

die Ärztin

die Friseurin

die Managerin

die Rektorin

die Bürgermeisterin

die Politikerin

die Schneiderin

die Chefin

die Krankenschwester

die Polizistin

die Verkäuferin

der Mann – man 

der Vater – father

der Onkel – uncle

der Großvater – grandfather

der Sohn – son

der Herr – gentleman

der Freund – male friend

der Cousin – male cousin

der Enkel/Enkelsohn – grandson

der Neffe – nephew

der Uropi – great-grandpa

der Hase – hare

der Hahn – rooster***

der Hirsch – stag

der Hund – (male) dog

der Kater – male cat

der Bulle – bull

der Löwe – (male) lion

der Eber – boar (male pig)***

der Wallach – gelding (male horse)***

der Angestellte

der Direktor

der Lehrer

der Raumpfleger****

der Anwalt

der Flugbegleiter

der Leiter

der Rechtsanwalt

der Arzt

der Friseur

der Manager

der Rektor

der Bürgermeister

der Politiker

der Schneider

der Chef

der Krankenpfleger

der Polizist

der Verkäufer

 

* Although there are particular grammatical forms in German to denote female animals we usually do not use them in common speech in German, that is, when you are not absolutely sure about the biological gender of an animal or do not intend to emphasize that, you can always use the official masculine/male form. In other words, it is actually not necessary to learn the female forms because the masculine forms usually refer to both biologically genders, male and female.

 

** The word “Katze” is the only exception to the rule above. The word “Kater” is a more specialized term to denote a male cat. When you are not sure of the biological gender of a cat or do not want to emphasize that you have to use the feminine grammatical form: “die Katze”.

 

*** Some animals have special terms to reveal the gender of it. Those nouns usually have linguistically no direct connection to the name of the species, for example, das Schwein = pig and das Pferd = horse. It is not necessary to learn these biologically more specific terms as long as you know the name of the species. The only exception is probably poultry. Chickens are common domestic animals in Germany and I think that this is the only animal where we Germans draw a more clear line between genders: das Huhn – chicken is for both biological genders; die Henne – hen for female chickens, and der Hahn – rooster for male chickens.

 

**** “Putzfrau” is a common word to denote a cleaning woman in German. When you need to make clear that the ‘Putzfrau’ is a male person you should use “Raumpfleger” or the term that can be used for both biological genders: “die Reinigungskraft”, which is grammatically a feminine noun but there aren’t any special forms that exclusively refer to male and/or female people. So to speak, the meaning of the word “Reinigungskraft” is genderless because it doesn’t give any hints about the biological gender of the person.

 

To be continued…

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