Prepositions that require the DATIVE CASE

Posted by sanroesner

In one of my previous posts I started discussing about prepositions and which grammar cases they require for the following noun. In this post I am going to give some examples sentence with very common prepositions that require the DATIVE CASE.

The German prepositions, which require the dative case are: aus, bei, mit, von, seit, and zu. I will highlight all the case endings of the DATIVE CASE in GREEN. Additionally, I will provide the NOMINATIVE form of the noun in parentheses and I will also highlight the case endings for that grammar case in BLUE, so that you have the opportunity to recognize where and how the case endings change.

The German preposition AUS means either “out of” or “from” in English:

Sie trinkt den Kaffee aus der Tasse. – She is drinking the coffee out of the cup. (die Tasse; sgl. f.)

Ich komme aus der Stadt Berlin. – I come from the town Berlin. (die Stadt; sgl. f.)

Er schaut aus dem Fenster.  – He is looking out of the window. (das Fenster; sgl. n.)

Ihr könnt aus den Gläsern trinken. – You can drink out of the glasses. (die Gläser; pl.)

The German preposition BEI means “at” in English:

Ich übernachte bei meinem Freund. – I stay the night at my boyfriend’s place. (der Freund; sgl. m.)

Ich übernachte bei meiner Freundin . – I stay the night at my girlfriend’s place. (die Freundin; sgl. f.)

Ich übernachte bei meinen Freunden. – I stay the night at my friends’ place. (die Freunde; pl.)

The German preposition MIT means “with” in English:

Ich spreche mit meinem Mann. – I am talking with my husband. (der Mann; sgl. m.)

Ich spreche mit meiner Frau. – I am talking with my wife. (die Frau; sgl. f.)

Ich spreche mit meinem Kind. – I am talking with my child. (das Kind; sgl. n.)

Ich spreche mit meinen Freunden. – I am talking with my friends. (die Freunde; pl.)

The German preposition SEIT means “since” in English:

Seit vergangenem Monat bin ich krank. – Since last month I am sick. (der Monat, sgl. m.)

Seit vergangener Woche bin ich krank. – Since last week I am sick. (die Woche; sgl. f.)

Seit vergagenem Jahr bin ich krank. – Since last year I am sick. (das Jahr; sgl. n.)

The German preposition VON means “from” in English:

Der Brief ist von meinem Freund. – The letter is from my boyfriend. (der Freund, sgl. m.)

Der Brief ist von meiner Freundin. – The letter is from my girlfriend. (die Freundin, sgl. f.)

Das Geschenk ist von meinem Kind. – The gift is from my child. (das Kind; sgl. n.)

Das Geschenk ist von meinen Freunden. – The gift is from my friends. (die Freunde; pl.)

The German preposition ZU means “to” in English:

Ich fahre zu meinem Freund. – I go to my boyfriend. (der Freund; sgl. m.)

Ich fahre zu meiner Freundin. – I go to my girlfriend. (die Freundin; sgl. f.)

Ich fahre zu meinem Kind. – I go to my child. (das Kind; sgl. n.)

Ich fahre zu meinen Freunden. – I go to my friends. (die Freunde; pl.)

As a rule of thumb:

When you have to use a noun in the dative case, all other parts of speech, which could precede the noun (definite articles, indefinite articles, personal pronouns or adjectives) will get the following endings:

- all masculine nouns get the ending -em (der -> dem; ein -> einem; mein -> meinem; nett -> nettem)

- all feminine nouns get the ending -er (die -> der; ein -> einer; mein -> meiner; nett -> netter)

- all neuter nouns get the ending -em (das -> dem; ein -> einem; mein -> meinem; nett ->nettem)

all plural forms, regardless of their grammatical gender, get the ending -en (die -> den; ——; mein -> meinen; nett -> netten)

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Key – Word Search Game: Clothing

Posted by sanroesner

In my previous post I gave you the opportunity to brush up on your knowledge of German terms for clothes. Today I present you the key for the puzzle. Additionally, you can find some example sentences below, which I consider to be very useful. You will recognize that the sentences are rather ordinary and simple with regard to their complexity. The reason for this is that I want to encourage you to speak. I always tried to give an English translation as close as possible to the German way of making a statement, so that you are given the chance to see how we say something in a very natural way in the German language.

Kleid:

(dress)

Im Sommer trage ich gerne Kleider.

(In the summertime I like to wear dresses.)

Hose:

(pants)

Alle meine Hosen sind schmutzig.

(All my pants are dirty.)

Rock:

(skirt)

Morgen ziehe ich einen Rock an.

(Tomorrow I am going to put on a skirt.)

Mantel:

(coat)

Der Mantel ist aus echter Wolle. Man kann ihn nicht waschen. Ich muss ihn in die Reinigung bringen.

(The coat is made of genuine wool. You can’t wash it. It has to be dry-cleaned.)

Actually we say: “I have to take it to the dry-cleaning shop.”

Krawatte:

(tie)

Weißt du wie man eine Krawatte bindet?

(Do you know how to tie a tie?)

Anzug:

(suit)

Zu besonderen Anlässen trage ich einen Anzug.

(I am wearing a suit on special occasions.)

Hemd:

(shirt)

Du hast einen Fleck auf deinem weißen Hemd.

(You have a stain on your white shirt.)

Jacke:

(jacket)

Die Jacke passt mir nicht mehr. Sie ist zu klein.

(The jacket does not fit me anymore. It is too small.)

Pullover:

(sweater)

Es ist kalt. Du solltest dir einen Pullover anziehen.

(It is cold. You should put on a sweater.)

Bluse:

(blouse)

Meine Mutter hat sich eine neue Bluse gekauft.

(My mother bought (herself) a new blouse.)

Socken:

(socks)

Meine Mutter schenkt mir jedes Jahr zu Weihnachten Socken.

(Every Christmas my mother is giving me socks as a present.)

Hut:

(hat)

Er trägt zum ersten Mal einen Hut.

(He is wearing a hat for the first time.)

Tuch:

(scarf)

Ich trage gerne Tücher. Sie sind ein schönes Accessoire.

(I like to wear scarfs. They are a beautiful accessory.)

Schal:

(scarf)

Im Winter trage ich immer einen Schal aus Wolle.

(In winter I always wear a scarf made of wool.)

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Zungenbrecher – Tongue Twister

Posted by jan

Today I want to introduce some German “Zungenbrecher” to you. I guess they exist in many languages but as you want to learn German this might be a funny alternation. Mostly the Zungenbrecher don´t make many sense but help to train pronunciation…and also laugh about the mistakes you make.

So here are some examples and their translations. Try to start slowly and understand every word. After a while you can try to read and speak them faster. Normally the one who can say them faster than the others without making mistakes is the winner. So good luck and have fun!

Fischers Fritze fischt frische Fische – Frische Fische fischt Fischers Fritze.

Fisherman Fritz fishes fresh fish – fresh fish is fished by fisherman Fritz

———————————————————————————————————————

In Ulm und um Ulm und um Ulm herum, reiten drei reitende Reiter herum.

In Ulm and next to Ulm and around Ulm, three riding riders are riding around (Ulm is a city in southern Germany).

———————————————————————————————————————

Brautkleid bleibt Brautkleid und Blaukraut bleibt Blaukraut.

Wedding dress stays wedding dress and red cabbage stays red cabbage.

———————————————————————————————————————

Der Potsdamer Postkutscher putzt den Potsdamer Postkutschkasten.

The coachman of Potsdam cleans the stage coach of Potsdam (Potsdam is a city near Berlin).

———————————————————————————————————————

Wenn Fliegen hinter Fliegen fliegen, fliegen Fliegen hinter Fliegen her.

When flies fly behind flies, flies are flying behind flies.

———————————————————————————————————————

Auf dem Rasen rasen rasche Hasen – rasche Hasen rasen auf dem Rasen.

On the lawn, rushing rabbits are rushing – rushing rabbits rush on the lawn.

———————————————————————————————————————

Zwischen zwei Zweigen zwitschern zwei Zeisige.

Two siskins are tweeting between two branches.

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Word Search Game: Clothing

Posted by sanroesner

Today I would like to give you the opportunity to rack your brains a little bit. ;) Below you can find a puzzle. All you have to do is to find all words of the list, which I typed in bold letters, in the grid. As you can see, all terms have to do with Kleidung (clothing). Beside the articles, I also provide the plural forms of all nouns.

In my next post I will give you the key and some useful example sentences.

Viel Glück! (Good luck!)

(das) Kleid – dress / (die) Kleider

(die) Hose – pants / (die) Hosen

(der) Rock – skirt / (die) Röcke

(der) Mantel – coat / (die) Mäntel

(die) Krawatte – tie / (die) Krawatten

(der) Anzug – suit / (die) Anzüge

(das) Hemd – shirt / (die) Hemden

(die) Jacke – jacket / (die) Jacken

(der) Pullover – sweater / (die) Pullover

(die) Bluse – blouse / (die) Blusen

(die) Socken – socks (pl.)

(der) Hut – hat / (die) Hüte

(das) Tuch – scarf (usually worn by women; accessory) / (die) Tücher

(der) Schal – scarf (worn in winter; usually made of wool) / (die) Schals

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

“Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten”

Posted by sanroesner

Every day – from Monday to Friday at 7:45 pm – about 4 Million people in Germany turn on their TV sets to watch Germany’s most popular Seifenoper (soap opera) “Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten” (Good times, bad times). I wonder why this show is so successful nowadays because when the first episode was broadcasted on 11 May 1992 no one would have believed in those days that this series would ever attract such a broad audience.

Originally, the show was an adaption of the Australian series “The Restless Years”, which was produced in Australia from 1977 to 1981. The Australian show did not only serve as a Vorbild (model) for the German TV show, but also supplied the Drehbücher (scripts). Although the Dialoge (dialogues) were translated into German the Schauspieler (actors) were not very convincing regarding their authenticity and credibility. I guess the lacking persuasiveness of the actors, based on the dialogues, was one major reason why the program did not draw people’s attention. Obviously, Germans could not identify with the dialogues’ content.

This changed a long time ago. After a year on air the Produktionsfirma (production company) had decided that German Drehbuchautoren (script writers) should write the scripts from then on. This was undeniably a good Entscheidung (decision). In 1999, the series won the Bambi Award and, in 2003, the “Deutsche Fernsehpreis” (“German Television Award”).

“Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten” tells stories about the everyday life of a group of young people, their friends and families. Although some Handlungsstränge (storylines) appear rather unreal, the Serie (series), however, tries to refer to prevalent social issues, which first of all young people have to face such as schulische Probleme (school problems), Berufswahl (choice of occupation), Überschuldung (indebtedness) of young people as well as, of course, Liebeskummer (pangs of love) and Trennungsschmerz (pain of separation). Further, now and then the show even picks up taboo subjects such as homosexuality, Drogenmissbrauch (drug abuse), Spielsucht (gambling), and alcoholism.

While initially the story was set in a fictitious place, now the Handlungsort (setting) is unmistakably Berlin. Districts of Berlin are often eingeblendet (slotted in) as transitions between the scenes. This may contribute to the fact that people can easily identify with the characters. Sometimes I can even overhear people discussing the characters’ actions, developments and intentions as if they were real friends or acquaintances.

Although there is a high fluctuation of actors, three of them are part of the team since the very first Folge (episode). These are Lisa Riecken, who plays the role of Elisabeth Meinhart, Frank-Thomas Mende, who portrays the character Clemens Richter, and Wolfgang Bahro, who plays Joachim “Jo” Gerner.

Below you can find find a gallery of all current actors. The name in parentheses are their characters’ names in “Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten”.

Here is a complete episode of the series. Unfortunately, there are no English subtitles but maybe you can understand something.

YouTube Preview Image YouTube Preview Image YouTube Preview Image

Now I am curious. What is your first impression? Can you understand why this soap opera is so popular in Germany? Would you watch it daily?

die Seifenoper – soap opera

das Vorbild – model

das Drehbuch – script

der Drehbuchautor – scriptwriter

die Produktionsfirma – production company

der Dialog – dialogue

die Entscheidung – decision

die schulischen Probleme – school problems

die Berufswahl – choice of occupation

die Überschuldung – indebtedness

der Liebeskummer – pangs of love

der Trennungsschmerz – pain of separation

der Drogenmissbrauch – drug abuse

die Spielsucht – gambling

der Handlungsort – setting

einblenden – slot in

der Handlungsstrang – storyline

die Serie – series

die Folge – episode

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Bicycle Tour

Posted by jan

Some months ago I posted an article about Lake Constance (Bodensee), the biggest See (lake) in Germany. Maybe some of you remember. Due to my long summer holidays, now I had the chance to experience the lake another way as gewöhnlich (usual): Spontaneously my wife and I decided to circle the lake by bike! So about a week ago we packed our bike trailer (that is usually for kids) with a Zelt (tent) and camping stuff and went to Friedrichshafen which is situated on the northern Ufer (shore) of the lake.

We decided to circle the lake im Uhrzeigersinn (clockwise) so first we headed east through some nice villages like Langenargen, Kressbronn and Wasserburg. In the background there was always the beautiful scenery of the Austrian Alpen (alps) and despite the horrible summer this year, the sun was shining and put a Lächeln (smile) on our faces. Some kilometers after we passed the beautiful city of Lindau, that has a nice and historic city center situated on an Insel (island) on Lake Constance, we reached the border of Austria and the city of Bregenz. Bregenz is famous for its theater, music and art festivals and its stage that is build on the lake.  It could even be seen in the James Bond Movie “Quantum of solace”. We didn´t start früh (early) this day and our physical shape was not the best, so after approximately 45 km we decided to camp in Bregenz and enjoy the warm evening  with pizza and beer. Good plan! ;-)

The second day was still sunny and after packing our equipment we continued to cycle…though our booties were already hurting. After erreichen (reaching) the most eastern point of the lake, we turned west and passed through the delta of the Rhine. The landscape was full of Schilf (reed) and Vögel (birds). And only every once in a while you could see the actual lake.

The mountains in our back were getting a little bit lower and suddenly, without noticing, we reached the first city in Switzerland. So in fact we passed an invisible Grenze (border). It was quite similar in Austria by the way. The funny thing about this is, that immediately after you change countries, people sound completely different. They all speak German but in totally different accents. Also street signs and architecture change with the boarders and though it is one lake and one region, it feels pretty international. In Switzerland you even have a different Währung (currency). After 65 km we were done and by chance we passed a farm where it was allowed to some people to camp on a meadow close to their yard. We passed a beautiful evening cooking spaghetti…but during the night it started to regnen (rain).

The morning was grey and cold. Right after packing our tent it started to rain cats and dogs. So it was not enjoyable to start cycling. Anyway we did… After a few kilometers I noticed that my rain clothes didn´t work but fortunately we passed the city of Constance after a while and I could get some new Hosen (trousers) and a rain coat.

From that moment on, I didn´t really care about the weather anymore because I was trocken (dry) again. Later that day we passed Stein am Rhein, the most western point of the lake and because of the geographical situation the way was a little more up and down like the days before. And due to the trailer behind me it wasn´t fun though the landscape was extraordinary and very calm. Again after approximately 60 km, we decided to rest and stay for the Nacht (night) on a campsite close to Radolfzell. I forgot to mention that we already passed the German border again!

The next day we cheated a little by taking a boat on the Überlinger Lake which is the northern tail of Lake Constance. The way seemed to be very steil (steep) so we decided to let this small part out. This way we missed about 30 or 40 km but in the end it was a good Entscheidung (decision). Muscle ache, rainy weather and the Anhänger (trailer) didn´t encourage us to carry on through the mountains. And Lake Constance by boat is very enjoyable as well :-)

On the last day we had only 15 km to go and after 250 km of cycling and camping we reached Friedrichshafen again. Now we really know almost every place around the lake and see it with different eyes. What a beautiful trip!

Here you can find the vocabulary to this blog post.

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Immigration

Posted by Sandra

Recently ( vor kurzem ) a new law ( Ein neues Gesetz)  was passed in Europe with the French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordering authorities to deport illegal Roma immigrants to Romania and dismantle their camps. Moreover, immigrants who have obtained French citizenship can now be stripped of their citizenship for breaking the law. France’s Interior Minister Brice Hortefeux said that this punishment will apply to all felonies.

We all like to believe that discrimination no longer exists, Germans want to be seen today as a new society, where we accept Turkish communities and other nationals and beliefs, most often we tend to make a face when we are reminded of our WWII, and we try to convince everyone that we have changed over the coarse of time, sometimes not even wanting to be marked by our past, we are a new Germany and have learned from our mistakes.

Yet…to me as a German reader and writer, I question the following:

To give somewhat of history:

Roma’s or more often called Gypsies are a ethnic group whom originated in Northern India, over thousands of years ago, with persecution and slavery they migrated into Europe, in this case Germany is no exception, which has a high population. 60% of all modern Germans can trace DNA to Romas.

Persecution of Roma (Gypsies) in Germany, and indeed in all of Europe, preceded the Nazi takeover of power in 1933. The police in Bavaria, Germany, maintained a central registry of Roma as early as 1899, and later established a commission to coordinate police action against Roma in Munich. In 1933, police in Germany began more rigorous enforcement of pre-Nazi legislation against those who followed a lifestyle labeled “Gypsy.” The Nazis judged such people to be racially “undesirable” and enacted systematic measures of persecution against the Roma.

In 1936, the Nazis centralized all police power in Germany under Heinrich Himmler, SS chief and chief of the German police. Consequently, police policy toward Roma was also centralized. In Berlin, Himmler established the Reich Central Office for the Suppression of the Gypsy Nuisance. This agency took over and extended bureaucratic measures to systematically persecute Roma.

One of the agency’s first decisions was to subject Roma to race laws. After 1936, Roma became subject to the Nuremberg laws, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Progeny, and the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals. Many Roma who came to the attention of the state were required to be sterilized, even till 1997 Roma women were forced sterilized in some parts of Europe, including Scandinavian countries.

Romani individuals were also arrested as “asocials” or “habitual criminals” and sent to concentration camps. Nearly every concentration camp in Germany had Romani prisoners. In the camps, all prisoners wore markings of various shapes and colors, which identified them by category of prisoner. Roma wore black triangular patches, the symbol for “asocials,” or green ones, the symbol for “professional” criminals.

Right now, ( Momentan ) in the year 2010 Germany plans  to deport 12,000 Roma people ( die Menschen )  to Kosovo over the next one or two years. They came in 1999 after fleeing the bombing in Yugoslavia and the Kosovo war. Their children, ( Ihre Kinder) who have grown up since then, do not even speak Serbian or Albanian, only German.

For the German state, there is no need to throw ( Rausschmeissen ) people into such an existential crisis who have for the most part lived and worked with their families in Germany for more than a decade.

Has the German state even considered the mental affect of the children whom consider Germany their home? Attending school, suddenly having to relocate and the effects this causes? Having come to the US myself as a young teenager and learning a new language in the process, I know what the challenges any child faces, either in school or daily life, thus I do think the German state should reconsider  their plans, not only does this show lack of  tolerance that Germany wants to pride itself on, but anyone it seems, whom is either ethnic or indifferent from German is being reminded of the Third Reich! Does this really justify what Germany is and wants to represent itself on?

Recently- Vor Kurzem

New Law- neues Gesetz

Right now- Momentan

People- Menschen

Throw out- Rausschmeissen

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Prepositions that require the genitive case

Posted by sanroesner

In my previous post, I explained to you the basic idea of the four German grammar cases.

Remember:

DOER-noun = nominative (carries out the action)

POSSESSION-noun = genitive (belongs to DOER, INSTRUMENT or TARGET)

INSTRUMENT-noun = dative (with what the action is carried out)

TARGET-noun = accusative (receives the action)

Unfortunately, the German language is not so consistent when it comes to grammar.

While:

- the DOER-noun asks always for the nominative; and

- the POSSESSION-noun requires always the genitive,

Both:

- the INSTRUMENT-noun can either be in the genitive, dative, or accusative case (3); and

- the TARGET-noun can either be in the nominative, genitive, dative, or accusative case (4).

But there is absolutely no need to worry because from this post onwards I will tell you when to choose which grammar case.

I introduced you to the concepts TARGET and INSTRUMENT for a specific reason:

- the TARGET-noun is always related to a verb

e.g. Er sucht die Brille. – He is searching (for) the glasses.

- the INSTRUMENT-noun is always connected with a preposition

e.g. Er sucht mit der Brille. – He is searching with the glasses.

That is, whenever there comes a preposition directly after a verb, the preposition (not the verb!) determines the grammar case of the following noun.

The two most important and useful prepositions, which require the genitive case are während (during; in the course of) and wegen (because of).

während – during; in the course of
(das Essen – the meal)
She did not say a word during the meal. Während des Essens sprach sie kein Wort.

Sie sprach während des Essens kein Wort.

(die Besprechung – the meeting)
It is not allowed to smoke during the meeting. Während der Besprechung darf nicht geraucht werden.

Es darf während der Besprechung nicht geraucht werden.

(der/ihr Aufenthalt – the/their stay)
They visited the TV Tower during their stay in Berlin. Während ihres Aufenthalts in Berlin, besuchten sie den Fernsehturm.

Sie besuchten während ihres Aufenthalts in Berlin den Fernsehturm.

wegen – because of

(die laute Musik – the loud music)
He could not sleep because of the loud music. Wegen der lauten Musik konnte er nicht schlafen.

Er konnte wegen der lauten Musik nicht schlafen.

(das schlechte Wetter – the bad weather)
We could not go to the beach because of the bad weather. Wegen des schlechten Wetters konnten wir nicht zum Strand fahren.

Wir konnten wegen des schlechten Wetters nicht zum Strand fahren.

(der Verkehr – the traffic)
They were late because of the traffic. Wegen des Verkehrs sind sie zu spät gekommen.

Sie sind wegen des Verkehrs zu spät gekommen.

Further useful preposition, which require the genitive case are:

anhand – with the help of; on the basis of

anstatt – instead of

anstelle – in place of

trotz – in spite of; despite

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

Emergency money- Notgeld

Posted by Sandra

With the current situation around the globe, markets fluctuating, recession and food products becoming more expensive as well as job losses, I wondered what was done during the world wars throughout Europe but especially in Germany.

To one’s surprise they had some very unique ideas, though I doubt this would work in modern days or under the circumstances we are all facing today.

Notgeld or rather emergency money was first introduced during WWI primarly in Germany and Austria, however I must note this “Notgeld” was never issued by the central bank or other institutions.

Due to inflation caused by the cost of the war – the value of the material that a coin was minted from was higher than the value of its denomination, many institutions started to hoard coins. Additionally, the metals used to mint coins were needed for the production of war supplies. This caused a massive shortage of metal for coinage, which was remedied by issuing banknotes in small denominations.

In 1922 inflation started to get out of control in Germany, leading to the German hyperinflation. Until 1923, the value of the mark deteriorated faster and faster and new money in higher denominations was issued constantly. The central bank could not cope with the logistics of providing the necessary supply of money, and “Notgeld” was issued again – this time in denominations of thousands, millions and billions of Marks. Because the Mark became so unstable, Notgeld was also issued in the form of commodities or other currencies: wheat, rye, sugar, coal, wood, natural gas, electricity, gold, or US dollars. These pieces were known as ‘Wertbeständige’ or notes of ‘fixed value’.

Though the first emergency money appeared in Germany on July 1914 issued by the Buergliches Brauhaus -Bremen, using the hectograph method on heavy paper ( Das starke Papier ), one even had a hand signature (Die  Hand Unterschrift ) with a total of three ( Die Drei)  denominations being 100 mark. The first metal tokens appeared not until 1916, most often ( meistens) used  ( Benützt ) by prisoner camps  ( lager ) for employment of prisoners.( Die Gefangene )

Such “Notgeld’ was and still is being collected today, though one of the more famous collectors was Dr Arnold Keller whom had about 200,000 notes of emergency money including paper money of the world, thus he later selling it to the Bundesbank of the Federal Republic of Germany and now located in their museum in Frankfurt/Main.

Every town in those days had its own unique “Notgeld” making them very colorful with animated figures, animals drawings, buildings and some even depicting storylines.

Most likely the reason for their animated, colorful creations is I think partially due to the fact that during difficult times ( Schwierige Zeiten ) to create something joyful eases the human mind from the despair and misery a society was confronted with, in this case, food shortage and wars.

Below here I’ve added some images what “Notgeld looks like, in a sense like playing cards.

Emergency money- Notgeld

Heavy paper- Starkes Papier

Hand Signature- Die Hand Unterschrift

three- Drei

Often- meistens

Used- Benützt

Camps- Lager

Prisoners- Gefangene

Difficult times- schwierige Zeiten

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post

WHO is doing that to WHOM with WHAT and WHOSE is it at all? – The four German cases

Posted by sanroesner

Most learners of German seem to struggle with the language’s grammar cases. In this post I am going to explain why these cases exist and what they mean.

The crucial element of every sentence is the verb, since it names a particular action. In this action, there are always specific subjects and objects (nouns) involved in. Since German word order is very changeable all nouns have to slip into particular roles, so that we have the chance to realize how each noun is related to the verb. These roles are the language’s grammar cases: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.

Usually, we cannot realize the role or case by the form of the noun. Therefore, German nouns are preceded by other parts of speech, e.g. definite articles, indefinite articles, pronouns, and adjectives, which have the function to indicate the specific grammar case of the following noun.

As I cannot cover all parts of speech in a single post I will focus on the definite articles in the following.  Below you can find an overview of all definite articles.

Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter
Nominative der die das die
Genitive des der des der
Dative dem der dem den
Accusative den die das die

Here is a short description of what each case indicates, that is, how a particular noun is related to the verb or action.

Nominative = DOER

(indicates who or what carries out the action)
Genitive = POSSESSION

(indicates that something belongs to the doer, instrument, OR target of an action)
Dative = INSTRUMENT (indicates with what the action is carried out)
Accusative = TARGET (indicates who or what receives the action)

Here are some example sentences:

Der Mann der Nachbarin liest das Buch mit der Brille. – The man/husband of the (female) neighbor is reading the book with the glasses.

Die Frau schreibt den Brief mit dem Stift des Chefs. – The woman is writing the letter with the pen of the boss.

Das Kind spielt das Spiel des Jahres mit der Freundin. – The child is playing the game of the year with the (female) friend.

From these example sentences, we can deduce the following two general rules:

1) English “of the” corresponds always to the German articles of the genitive case. That is, there are only two options to express “of the” in German: “der” or “des”

2) The preposition “mit” (with) requires always the dative case of the following noun. That is, it is either  “mit dem” or “mit der” (for singular nouns) or “mit den” (for plural nouns).

Here is a list of all the nouns, which I have just used, with their nominative articles, so that you can check my explanations.

der Mann – man; husband

die Nachbarin – (female) neighbor

das Buch – book

die Brille – glasses

die Frau – woman; wife

der Brief – letter

der Stift – pen

der Chef – boss

das Kind – child

das Spiel – game

das Jahr – year

die Freundin – (female) friend

Post to Twitter Tweet This Post