Posts tagged with "French nouns"

Not too long ago, we tackled here in The French Blog the often “tricky” issue of French gender: “French Quiz: Masculin (♂) or Féminin (♀)?

In today’s post we’ll feature a super special category of unusual French nouns, which can mean deux choses complètement différentes (two things completely different), depending only on whether they are used as masculin or féminin.

Sounds a bit “tricky“, doesn’t it?

Well, then let’s check it out mes amis!

Since there is no particular rule to recognize or categorize these special nouns, which change their sens (meaning) simply by changing their genre (gender), your best shot would be to just memorize them—And remember, the overall context is always your friend!

Here are some of the most important of such nouns that you should always keep in mind:

  • Un aide vs. une aide:
If you find the word “aide” used in the masculin form, then it means “a helper”, as in “un aide-soignant” (a “nurse’s aide”, or a “practical nurse”); however, if “aide” comes in the féminin form, then it simply means “a help”, as in the expression “l’aide divine” (“divine help”), or “l’aide humanitaire.” 

  • Un critique vs. une critique:
The masculin word “critique” designates “a critic (person)”, as in “un critique d’art“, whereas “une critique” means either “a criticism”, as in “une critique constructive” (a constructive criticism), or simply a “critique”, as in “une critique littéraire” (a “literary critique.”)

  • Un livre vs. une livre:
Most new French learners would recognize “un livre“ (“a book”), but would be puzzled if they stumbled into “une livre” or “la livre“, and can even mistake that for a typo! The explanation is in fact simple, since the feminine form “une livre” means “a pound”, either the currency, i.e. “la livre sterling“, or the weight measure, as in the Shakespearean expression “une livre de chaire” (“a pound of flesh.”) 

  • Un manche vs. une manche:
Un manche” stands for “a handle”, as in “un manche à balai” (“a broomhandle”, which can also mean, in informal terms of course, “a very skinny person”!) “Une manche“, however, means “a sleeve.” Par exemple you can say “Elle a plusieurs cartes dans sa manche” (“She has many cards up her sleeve.”) Also, be sure that if you encounter “la Manche” (capitalized) ,then you immediately recognize it as “The English Channel”! 

  • Un mémoire vs. une mémoire:
This one should not be too hard to “memorize”: If you are writing a dissertation, or if you feel like you’re old enough to start writing your memoirs (think Chateaubriand‘s “Mémoires d’Outre-tombe“), then you are writing un mémoire. But if you speak about your memory faculty, then you would be referring to the féminin noun “la mémoire.”
 
The same can be said about the distinction between un merci (a “thank you”) and une merci (a mercy); un mode, as in “un mode d’emploi” (“a user’s manual”), and une mode (a fashion), as in MC Solaar‘s song “Victime de la mode” (“Fashion Victim”); un moule (a mold), as in “le moule de la société (“society’s mold”), and une moule (a mussel); le pendule (the pendulum), as in the novel “Le Pendule de Foucault” (“Foucault’s Pendulum”) of the sulfurous Umberto Eco, and la pendule (the clock); le physique (the physic, or the physical appearance) and la physique (physics); un poêle (a stove) and une poêle (a frying pan); un tour, meaning either “a trick”, as in un tour de magie (a “magic trick”) or a turn, as in “c’est ton tour” (“it’s your turn”), and une tour (a tower), as in “la Tour Eiffel“; and finally le voile (the veil) and la voile (sail, or sailing.)    

Making nouns plural in the French language can be a bit more complicated than English, but perhaps not.  Just like in English, you normally add an -s to the written form of the singular.  I say written form, because usually the pronunciation doesn’t change one bit when using a plural noun, except for the links from the article to the noun.  But, just as in English, there are exceptions, of course.

→ Nouns that end in -s, -z, -x do not change in the plural form.
un fils → des fils
un gaz → des gaz
une voix → des voix

→ Nouns that end in -eau, -au, -eu take on an -x in the plural.
un tableau → des tableaux
un tuyau 
→ des tuyaux
un jeu 
→ des jeux
Careful!!!  There are some exceptions to this rule.  un pneu → des pneus

→ There are seven nouns that end in -ou which take on an -x in the plural.
un bijou  → des bijoux
un caillou 
→ des cailloux
un chou 
→ des choux
un genou 
→des genoux
un hibou 
→des hiboux
un joujou 
→ des joujoux
un pou 
→ des poux

→ Some nouns that end in -ail or -al take on -aux in the plural.
un travail → des travaux
un corail 
→ des coraux
un émail 
→ des émaux
un vitrail 
→ des vitraux
un animal 
→ des animaux
un journal 
→ des journaux
un cheval 
→ des chevaux
un hôpital 
→ des hôpitaux

→ Others, however, follow the general add an -s rule.  For example:
un bal → des bals
un carnaval 
→ des carnavals
un festival 
→ des festivals

→ There are of course irregular plurals.
un œil → des yeux
un jeune homme 
→ des jeunes gens
un monsieur 
→ des messieurs
une madame 
→ des mesdames
une mademoiselle 
→ des mesdemoiselles
un ciel 
→ des cieux

→ Proper nouns do not change in the plural.  Only the article does:
les Goldman, les Roi, les Fabre.

→ However, an -s can be added to names of artists to when referring to their work.  For example: un Monet → deux Monets (in other words, two Monet paintings).

→ Some nouns are only used in the plural form.  Examples:
les environs, les gens, les mœurs, les vacances (holidays)

Finally, compound nouns have all sorts of different rules, so we’ll leave them for another article.
Till then, Bonne soirée (Have a good evening).

We could say that there are six different types of nouns: animate nouns (people, animals), inanimate nouns (things, ideas), proper nouns (such as cities and names), common nouns (such as avenue, liberté), simple nouns (such as fourchette, papier, ami) and compound nouns (such as croque-monsieur, boîte aux lettres).  Today, we’re going to talk about animate nouns and gender.  Gender??  Yes, that infamous grammar point that often makes foreign languages seem oh so foreign to English speakers.  As you will see, there’s not much you can do but memorize the gender for each noun. 

That said, the general rule is that you add an -e to the written form of the masculine animate noun.  If that means you have two e’s at the end of the word, then you must put an acute accent mark on the first one or you may have to double the consonant before adding the final -e.  For example:

un employé  - une employée (an employee)
un étudiant  - une étudiante (a student) 

There are also many nouns that end in -e in the masculine form and you don’t change them at all in the feminine form…you just have to pay attention to the article in order to determine the person or animal’s gender.

For example:
un artiste  - une artiste (an artist)
un collègue – une collègue (a colleague)
un enfant – une enfant (a child)
un touriste – une touriste (a tourist)
un secrétaire – une secrétaire (a secretary)
un aide – une aide (an assistant)
un ministre – une ministre (a minister) 

Many times, the prononciation of the word does not change at all.  However, there are some cases, as when the -e is added after a -d, -t, -ois, -ais, -er, -ier and you have to pronounce that final consonant that isn’t pronounced in the masculine form.  Also, you many have to add a grave accent mark.  Here are some examples:

un marchand – une marchande (a shopkeeper)
un avocat – une avocate (a lawyer)
un bourgeois – une bourgeoise (a middle-class person)
un Anglais – une Anglaise (an Englishman/Englishwoman)
un boulanger – une boulangère (a breadmaker)
un boucher – une bouchère (a butcher)
un infirmier – une infirmière (a nurse)
un chat – une chatte (a cat)
un martyr – une martyre (a martyr)

In the feminine form, final n’s are sometimes doubled and always pronounced when adding the -e to -(i)en or -on.  For example:
un chien – une chienne (a dog)
un lion – une lionne (a lion)
un Européen – une Européenne (a European)
un espion – une espionne (a spy) 

Other times, final n’s are not doubled, but still pronounced when adding the -e to -in, -ain, -an as for example:
un cousin – une cousine (a cousin)
un Mexicain – une Mexicaine (a Mexican)
un Persan – une Persane (a Persian)
**But an exception where you do in fact double the n is un paysan – une paysanne (a peasant). 

And with some nouns, the whole final syllable is modified when making them feminine which includes a pronunciation change.  This happens when the final syllable for the masculine noun ends in -eur, -f, and sometimes -e.  Here are some examples:
un menteur – une menteuse (a liar)
un directeur – une directrice (a director)
un conducteur – une conductrice (a driver)
un acteur – une actrice (an actor – an actress)
un danseur – une danseuse (a dancer)
un veuf – une veuve (a widower – a widow)
un fugitif – une fugitive (a fugitive)
un tigre – une tigresse (a tiger)
un hôte – une hôtesse (a host – a hostess)
un maître – une maîtresse (a master – a mistress or a teacher)
un dieu – une déesse (a god – a goddess)
un âne – une ânesse (a donkey) 

Some feminine versions of animate nouns are completely different as is the case with :
un homme – une femme (a man – a woman)
un oncle – une tante (an uncle – an aunt)
un neveu – une nièce (a nephew – a niece)
un cheval – une jument (a horse – a mare)
un frère – une sœur (a brother – a sister)
un père – une mère (a father – a mother)
un taureau – une vache (a bull – a cow)
un cochon – une truie (a hog – a sow) 

Some animate nouns either have no masculine version or no feminine version.  In other words, regardless of whether or not the person or animal is male or female, there is only one gender you can use for that noun in French.    Here are just a few examples:
un auteur  (an author)
un amateur (an amateur)
un compositeur (a composer)
un architecte (an architect)
un chef (a chef)
un chirurgien (a surgeon)
un écrivain (a writer)
un ingénieur (an engineer)
un témoin (a witness)
un juge (a judge)
un magistrat (a magistrate)
un médecin (a doctor)
un sculpteur (a sculptor)
une victime (a victim)
une souris (a mouse)
une grenouille (a frog) 

In these cases, if you wish to specify the gender, then you can add femme or homme before the noun. For example, un homme victime, une femme auteur

Finally, there are animate nouns that have the very same stem for both genders, but different endings, such as:
un compagnon – une compagne (a companion)
un héros – une héroïne (a hero – a heroine)
un serviteur – une servante (a servant) 

En résumé :

Masculine            Feminine

-i

-ie

-ée

-u

-ue

-l

-le

-d

-de

-t

-te

-ois

-oise

-ais

-aise

-er

-ère

-ier

ière

-(i)en

-(i)enne

-on

-onne

-in

-ine

-ain

-aine

-an

-ane

-teur

-teuse

-teur

-trice

-eur

-euse

-f

-ve

-e

-esse

 

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