Posts from December 2008

Well, the holiday season is here in many parts of the world.  Although France is home to many different world religions, it is predominantly Roman Catholic (85% according to WikiAnswers).  So, everything to do with the Christmas season can be found in France as well as Québec.  Thus, this month I will write a few different articles about Noël.  And to start it all off, I’m going to give you some titles of French Christmas carols and see if you can figure out what their English equivalents or translations are…

Vive le vent
Douce nuit
Le divin enfant
Noël blanc
Rodolphe
Venez divin Messie
Viens, peuple fidèle
Mon beau sapin
Au royaume du bonhomme hiver
Aujourd’hui le roi des cieux
L’enfant au tambour
Les anges dans nos campagnes
Falalalala
Maman embrasse le Père-Noël

So, write a comment if you know any of them and I’ll provide the answers in an article in a couple of days.
Bonne chance!

We could say that there are six different types of nouns: animate nouns (people, animals), inanimate nouns (things, ideas), proper nouns (such as cities and names), common nouns (such as avenue, liberté), simple nouns (such as fourchette, papier, ami) and compound nouns (such as croque-monsieur, boîte aux lettres).  Today, we’re going to talk about animate nouns and gender.  Gender??  Yes, that infamous grammar point that often makes foreign languages seem oh so foreign to English speakers.  As you will see, there’s not much you can do but memorize the gender for each noun. 

That said, the general rule is that you add an -e to the written form of the masculine animate noun.  If that means you have two e’s at the end of the word, then you must put an acute accent mark on the first one or you may have to double the consonant before adding the final -e.  For example:

un employé  - une employée (an employee)
un étudiant  - une étudiante (a student) 

There are also many nouns that end in -e in the masculine form and you don’t change them at all in the feminine form…you just have to pay attention to the article in order to determine the person or animal’s gender.

For example:
un artiste  - une artiste (an artist)
un collègue – une collègue (a colleague)
un enfant – une enfant (a child)
un touriste – une touriste (a tourist)
un secrétaire – une secrétaire (a secretary)
un aide – une aide (an assistant)
un ministre – une ministre (a minister) 

Many times, the prononciation of the word does not change at all.  However, there are some cases, as when the -e is added after a -d, -t, -ois, -ais, -er, -ier and you have to pronounce that final consonant that isn’t pronounced in the masculine form.  Also, you many have to add a grave accent mark.  Here are some examples:

un marchand – une marchande (a shopkeeper)
un avocat – une avocate (a lawyer)
un bourgeois – une bourgeoise (a middle-class person)
un Anglais – une Anglaise (an Englishman/Englishwoman)
un boulanger – une boulangère (a breadmaker)
un boucher – une bouchère (a butcher)
un infirmier – une infirmière (a nurse)
un chat – une chatte (a cat)
un martyr – une martyre (a martyr)

In the feminine form, final n’s are sometimes doubled and always pronounced when adding the -e to -(i)en or -on.  For example:
un chien – une chienne (a dog)
un lion – une lionne (a lion)
un Européen – une Européenne (a European)
un espion – une espionne (a spy) 

Other times, final n’s are not doubled, but still pronounced when adding the -e to -in, -ain, -an as for example:
un cousin – une cousine (a cousin)
un Mexicain – une Mexicaine (a Mexican)
un Persan – une Persane (a Persian)
**But an exception where you do in fact double the n is un paysan – une paysanne (a peasant). 

And with some nouns, the whole final syllable is modified when making them feminine which includes a pronunciation change.  This happens when the final syllable for the masculine noun ends in -eur, -f, and sometimes -e.  Here are some examples:
un menteur – une menteuse (a liar)
un directeur – une directrice (a director)
un conducteur – une conductrice (a driver)
un acteur – une actrice (an actor – an actress)
un danseur – une danseuse (a dancer)
un veuf – une veuve (a widower – a widow)
un fugitif – une fugitive (a fugitive)
un tigre – une tigresse (a tiger)
un hôte – une hôtesse (a host – a hostess)
un maître – une maîtresse (a master – a mistress or a teacher)
un dieu – une déesse (a god – a goddess)
un âne – une ânesse (a donkey) 

Some feminine versions of animate nouns are completely different as is the case with :
un homme – une femme (a man – a woman)
un oncle – une tante (an uncle – an aunt)
un neveu – une nièce (a nephew – a niece)
un cheval – une jument (a horse – a mare)
un frère – une sœur (a brother – a sister)
un père – une mère (a father – a mother)
un taureau – une vache (a bull – a cow)
un cochon – une truie (a hog – a sow) 

Some animate nouns either have no masculine version or no feminine version.  In other words, regardless of whether or not the person or animal is male or female, there is only one gender you can use for that noun in French.    Here are just a few examples:
un auteur  (an author)
un amateur (an amateur)
un compositeur (a composer)
un architecte (an architect)
un chef (a chef)
un chirurgien (a surgeon)
un écrivain (a writer)
un ingénieur (an engineer)
un témoin (a witness)
un juge (a judge)
un magistrat (a magistrate)
un médecin (a doctor)
un sculpteur (a sculptor)
une victime (a victim)
une souris (a mouse)
une grenouille (a frog) 

In these cases, if you wish to specify the gender, then you can add femme or homme before the noun. For example, un homme victime, une femme auteur

Finally, there are animate nouns that have the very same stem for both genders, but different endings, such as:
un compagnon – une compagne (a companion)
un héros – une héroïne (a hero – a heroine)
un serviteur – une servante (a servant) 

En résumé :

Masculine            Feminine

-i

-ie

-ée

-u

-ue

-l

-le

-d

-de

-t

-te

-ois

-oise

-ais

-aise

-er

-ère

-ier

ière

-(i)en

-(i)enne

-on

-onne

-in

-ine

-ain

-aine

-an

-ane

-teur

-teuse

-teur

-trice

-eur

-euse

-f

-ve

-e

-esse

 

Quite possibly the highest-paid French singer (8.75 million euros in 2006 according to Figaro), Johnny Hallyday was born Jean Philippe Léo Smet in Paris on June 15, 1943, to Hugette and Léon Smet.  As a small child, he lived for four years in Great Britain with his paternal aunt, a dancer and silent film actress.  Years later, his cousin Desta met an American artist by the name of Lemoine (Lee) Ketcham and they performed all over Europe under the stage name Les Hallyday.  Johnny traveled with them for a time, then went to boarding school in Germany and learned to play violin and took guitar, dance, voice and drama lessons.  At the age of nine, he began performing on stage.

On March 14, 1960, he released his first single “Laissez les filles” after being discovered by Jacques Wolfsohm, the artistic director for Vogue records.  Later that year, he went on his first tour as the opening act for singer Sacha Distel.  His first album Hello Johnny was also released in 1961. 

He is considered by some to be the French equivalent of Elvis Presley, perhaps because Elvis was one of his idols as a young boy and as he started his rock and roll career.  In February 1962, he performed for Jackie Kennedy and he was introduced to the United States public when he went on tour throughout the country that year after releasing the album recorded in Nashville entitled Johnny Sings American Rocking Hits.  He appeared on the Ed Sullivan show alongside American singing star Connie Francis on July 1st.   Despite these early successes in America and the fact that he owns a home in LA and spends a great deal of time in the US, he remains rather unknown outside his native country. 

In France, he attracts huge crowds as he is considered to be a top stage performer (most recently, 500,000 for his 2000 performance 100% Johnny: Live à la Tour d’Eiffel which also attracted 9.5 million television viewers), but he is also widely known for his high-profile romances and love affairs having married and divorced several times. 

Some Johnny facts:
500 songs recorded
400 tours
45 albums (18 of them platinum)
100 million records sold
15 million people have attended his concerts
28 movies 

At the age of 64, Johnny Hallyday retired from the stage in 2007. 

His official website is:  http://www.johnnyhallyday.com/ 

And here’s a video of the song he released in 2008 entitled Si mon coeur.

YouTube Preview Image

Yesterday, the people of Quebec headed to the voting booths for their provincial elections.  Due to the extremely cold weather, voter turnout was not great, but a majority liberal government was elected.  Besidesthe independent candidates, candidates from 9 different political parties could be found on the ballot.  These parties are Action démocratique du Québec, Parti durable du Québec, Parti indépendantiste, Parti libéral du Québec, Parti marxiste-léniniste du Québec, Parti québecois, Parti république du Québec, Parti vert du Québec and Québec solidaire.  As can be seen, many of the parties are quite liberal and you even have separatist parties as is often the case with provinces or regions like Québec that have such strong cultural roots that are not very much in line with the rest of the country.  

Québec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after France ceded the colony of Canada to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris, thereby ending the Seven Years’ War.  The only official language in the province of Québec is French and just like France, it has a civil law legal system.  Civil law legal systems as opposed to Anglo-Saxon common law systems are often found in Europe as they derive from Roman law.  And nationalism plays a very large role in its politics.  The Canadian House of Commons has officially recognized the province as ‘a nation within a united Canada”.

Impersonal verbs can often get people confused when learning French, but the fact is that these verbs are used in all languages including English.  Il pleut means ‘It is raining’.  These verbs are called impersonal because they can not take a real personal subject as they do not represent any action, occurence or state-of-being that can be attributed to a person, place or a thing.  In other words, although subject to dispute perhaps, no one really can come up with a personal subject that is responsible for the rain.

In French, as in English, these impersonal verbs take on the impersonal pronoun - il in our case.

Here are some examples:
1. Il neige.  (It is snowing.)
2. Il faut que tu fasses tes devoirs.  (It is necessary that you do your homework.)
3. Il y a un chien dans le jardin.  (There is a dog in the yard.)
4. Il fait beau.  (It’s nice out.)
5. Il s’agit d’une princesse qui cherche son prince charmant.  (It’s about a princess who is looking for her prince charming.)

There are some verbs that are always impersonal in French as the ones given in the examples.  We will discuss them today.

WEATHER VERBS
Il pleut, il neige, il gèle, etc.  (#1 above)
Il fait + adjective or noun (#4 above)

IL FAUT + an infinitive or noun or a subordinate clause that begins with que   (#2 above) 
Il faut un permis pour conduire.  (It is necessary to have a license to drive.)
Il faudra savoir l’addresse de ton ami pour pouvoir l’envoyer une invitation.  
(It will be necessary to know your friend’s address to be able to send him an invitation.)

IL S’AGIT DE + noun or infinitive (#5 above)
Aujourd’hui il s’agit de désendetter l’économie américaine.  (Nowadays, it’s about reducing the debt of the American economy.)
Je ne vais pas te dire parce qu’il s’agit de ma vie privée.  (I’m not going to tell you because it has to do with my privacy.)

IL Y A + noun or pronoun (#3 above)
Il n’y a pas de pain.  (There isn’t any bread.)

 

That’s it.
Ça y est!

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